Ezekiel 27:3-36

27:3 Say to Tyre, who sits at the entrance ¹  of the sea, ²  merchant to the peoples on many coasts, ‘This is what the sovereign Lord says:

“‘O Tyre, you have said, “I am perfectly beautiful.”

27:4 ³ Your borders are in the heart of the seas;

your builders have perfected your beauty.

27:5 They crafted ⁴  all your planks out of fir trees from Senir; ⁵ 

they took a cedar from Lebanon to make your mast.

27:6 They made your oars from oaks of Bashan;

they made your deck ⁶  with cypresses ⁷  from the Kittean isles. ⁸ 

27:7 Fine linen from Egypt, woven with patterns, was used for your sail

to serve as your banner;

blue and purple from the coastlands of Elishah ⁹  was used for your deck’s awning.

27:8 The leaders ¹⁰  of Sidon ¹¹  and Arvad ¹²  were your rowers;

your skilled ¹³  men, O Tyre, were your captains.

27:9 The elders of Gebal ¹⁴  and her skilled men were within you, mending cracks; ¹⁵ 

all the ships of the sea and their mariners were within you to trade for your merchandise. ¹⁶ 

27:10 Men of Persia, Lud, ¹⁷  and Put were in your army, men of war.

They hung shield and helmet on you; they gave you your splendor.

27:11 The Arvadites ¹⁸  joined your army on your walls all around,

and the Gammadites ¹⁹  were in your towers.

They hung their quivers ²⁰  on your walls all around;

they perfected your beauty.

27:12 “‘Tarshish ²¹  was your trade partner because of your abundant wealth; they exchanged silver, iron, tin, and lead for your products. 27:13 Javan, Tubal, and Meshech were your clients; they exchanged slaves and bronze items for your merchandise. 27:14 Beth Togarmah exchanged horses, chargers, ²²  and mules for your products. 27:15 The Dedanites ²³  were your clients. Many coastlands were your customers; they paid ²⁴  you with ivory tusks and ebony. 27:16 Edom ²⁵  was your trade partner because of the abundance of your goods; they exchanged turquoise, purple, embroidered work, fine linen, coral, and rubies for your products. 27:17 Judah and the land of Israel were your clients; they traded wheat from Minnith, ²⁶  millet, honey, olive oil, and balm for your merchandise. 27:18 Damascus was your trade partner because of the abundance of your goods and of all your wealth: wine from Helbon, white wool from Zahar, 27:19 and casks of wine ²⁷  from Izal ²⁸  they exchanged for your products. Wrought iron, cassia, and sweet cane were among your merchandise. 27:20 Dedan was your client in saddlecloths for riding. 27:21 Arabia and all the princes of Kedar were your trade partners; for lambs, rams, and goats they traded with you. 27:22 The merchants of Sheba and Raamah engaged in trade with you; they traded the best kinds of spices along with precious stones and gold for your products. 27:23 Haran, Kanneh, Eden, merchants from Sheba, Asshur, and Kilmad were your clients. 27:24 They traded with you choice garments, purple clothes and embroidered work, and multicolored carpets, bound and reinforced with cords; these were among your merchandise. 27:25 The ships of Tarshish ²⁹  were the transports for your merchandise.

“‘So you were filled and weighed down in the heart of the seas.

27:26 Your rowers have brought you into surging waters.

The east wind has wrecked you in the heart of the seas.

27:27 Your wealth, products, and merchandise, your sailors and captains,

your ship’s carpenters, ³⁰  your merchants,

and all your fighting men within you,

along with all your crew who are in you,

will fall into the heart of the seas on the day of your downfall.

27:28 At the sound of your captains’ cry the waves will surge; ³¹ 

27:29 They will descend from their ships – all who handle the oar,

the sailors and all the sea captains – they will stand on the land.

27:30 They will lament loudly ³²  over you and cry bitterly.

They will throw dust on their heads and roll in the ashes; ³³ 

27:31 they will tear out their hair because of you and put on sackcloth,

and they will weep bitterly over you with intense mourning. ³⁴ 

27:32 As they wail they will lament over you, chanting:

“Who was like Tyre, like a tower ³⁵  in the midst of the sea?”

27:33 When your products went out from the seas,

you satisfied many peoples;

with the abundance of your wealth and merchandise

you enriched the kings of the earth.

27:34 Now you are wrecked by the seas, in the depths of the waters;

your merchandise and all your company have sunk ³⁶  along with you. ³⁷ 

27:35 All the inhabitants of the coastlands are shocked at you,

and their kings are horribly afraid – their faces are troubled.

27:36 The traders among the peoples hiss at you;

you have become a horror, and will be no more.’”

Ezekiel 28:2-10

28:2 “Son of man, say to the prince ³⁸  of Tyre, ‘This is what the sovereign Lord says:

“‘Your heart is proud ³⁹  and you said, “I am a god; ⁴⁰ 

I sit in the seat of gods, in the heart of the seas” –

yet you are a man and not a god,

though you think you are godlike. ⁴¹ 

28:3 Look, you are wiser than Daniel; ⁴² 

no secret is hidden from you. ⁴³ 

28:4 By your wisdom and understanding you have gained wealth for yourself;

you have amassed gold and silver in your treasuries.

28:5 By your great skill ⁴⁴  in trade you have increased your wealth,

and your heart is proud because of your wealth.

28:6 “‘Therefore this is what the sovereign Lord says:

Because you think you are godlike, ⁴⁵ 

28:7 I am about to bring foreigners ⁴⁶  against you, the most terrifying of nations.

They will draw their swords against the grandeur made by your wisdom, ⁴⁷ 

and they will defile your splendor.

28:8 They will bring you down to the pit, and you will die violently ⁴⁸  in the heart of the seas.

28:9 Will you still say, “I am a god,” before the one who kills you –

though you are a man and not a god –

when you are in the power of those who wound you?

28:10 You will die the death of the uncircumcised ⁴⁹  by the hand of foreigners;

for I have spoken, declares the sovereign Lord.’”

Joshua 19:29

19:29 It then turned toward Ramah as far as the fortified city of Tyre, ⁵⁰  turned to Hosah, and ended at the sea near Hebel, Aczib,

Isaiah 23:4

23:4 Be ashamed, O Sidon,

for the sea ⁵¹  says this, O fortress of the sea:

“I have not gone into labor

or given birth;

I have not raised young men

or brought up young women.” ⁵² 

Isaiah 23:8

23:8 Who planned this for royal Tyre, ⁵³ 

whose merchants are princes,

whose traders are the dignitaries ⁵⁴  of the earth?

[27:3]  ¹ tn Heb “entrances.” The plural noun may reflect the fact that Tyre had two main harbors.

[27:3]  ² sn Rome, another economic power, is described in a similar way in Rev 17:1.

[27:4]  ³ tn The city of Tyre is described in the following account as a merchant ship.

[27:5]  ⁴ tn Heb “built.”

[27:5]  ⁵ tn Perhaps the hull or deck. The term is dual, so perhaps it refers to a double-decked ship.

[27:6]  ⁶ tn Or “hull.”

[27:6]  ⁷ tc The Hebrew reads “Your deck they made ivory, daughter of Assyria.” The syntactically difficult “ivory” is understood here as dittography and omitted, though some construe this to refer to ivory inlays. “Daughter of Assyria” is understood here as improper word division and the vowels repointed as “cypresses.”

[27:6]  ⁸ tn Heb “from the coastlands (or islands) of Kittim,” generally understood to be a reference to the island of Cyprus, where the Phoenicians had a trading colony on the southeast coast. Many modern English versions have “Cyprus” (CEV, TEV), “the coastlands of Cyprus” (NASB), “the coasts of Cyprus” (NIV, NRSV), or “the southern coasts of Cyprus” (NLT).

[27:7]  ⁹ sn This is probably a reference to Cyprus.

[27:8]  ¹⁰ tc The MT reads “the residents of”; the LXX reads “your rulers who dwell in.” With no apparent reason for the LXX to add “the rulers” many suppose something has dropped out of the Hebrew text. While more than one may be possible, Allen’s proposal, positing a word meaning “elders,” is the most likely to explain the omission in the MT from a graphic standpoint and also provides a parallel to the beginning of v. 9. See L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:81.a parallel to v. 9.

[27:8]  ¹¹ map For location see Map1 A1; JP3 F3; JP4 F3.

[27:8]  ¹² sn Sidon and Arvad, like Tyre, were Phoenician coastal cities.

[27:8]  ¹³ tn Or “wise.”

[27:9]  ¹⁴ sn Another Phoenician coastal city located between Sidon and Arvad.

[27:9]  ¹⁵ tn Heb “strengthening damages.” Here “to strengthen” means to repair. The word for “damages” occurs several times in 1 Kgs 12 about some type of damage to the temple, which may have referred to or included cracks. Since the context describes Tyre in its glory, we do not expect this reference to damages to be of significant scale, even if there are repairmen. This may refer to using pitch to seal the seams of the ship, which had to be done periodically and could be considered routine maintenance rather than repair of damage.

[27:9]  ¹⁶ sn The reference to “all the ships of the sea…within you” suggests that the metaphor is changing; previously Tyre had been described as a magnificent ship, but now the description shifts back to an actual city. The “ships of the sea” were within Tyre’s harbor. Verse 11 refers to “walls” and “towers” of the city.

[27:10]  ¹⁷ sn See Gen 10:22.

[27:11]  ¹⁸ tn Heb “sons of Arvad.”

[27:11]  ¹⁹ sn The identity of the Gammadites is uncertain.

[27:11]  ²⁰ tn See note on “quivers” in Jer 51:11 on the meaning of Hebrew שֶׁלֶט (shelet) and also M. Greenberg, Ezekiel (AB), 2:553.

[27:12]  ²¹ sn Tarshish refers to a distant seaport sometimes believed to be located in southern Spain (others identified it as Carthage in North Africa). In any event it represents here a distant, rich, and exotic port which was a trading partner of Tyre.

[27:14]  ²² tn The way in which these horses may have been distinguished from other horses is unknown. Cf. ASV “war-horses” (NASB, NIV, NRSV, CEV all similar); NLT “chariot horses.”

[27:15]  ²³ tn Heb “sons of Dedan.”

[27:15]  ²⁴ tn Heb “they returned as your gift.”

[27:16]  ²⁵ tc Many Hebrew mss, Aquila’s Greek translation, and the Syriac version read “Edom.” The LXX reads “man,” a translation which assumes the same consonants as Edom. This reading is supported from the context as the text deals with Damascus, the capital of Syria (Aram), later (in v. 18).

[27:17]  ²⁶ sn The location is mentioned in Judg 11:33.

[27:19]  ²⁷ tc The MT leaves v. 18 as an incomplete sentence and begins v. 19 with “and Dan and Javan (Ionia) from Uzal.” The LXX mentions “wine.” The translation follows an emendation assuming some confusions of vav and yod. See L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:82.

[27:19]  ²⁸ sn According to L. C. Allen (Ezekiel [WBC], 2:82), Izal was located between Haran and the Tigris and was famous for its wine.

[27:25]  ²⁹ tn Or perhaps “Large merchant ships.” The expression “ships of Tarshish” may describe a class of vessel, that is, large oceangoing merchant ships.

[27:27]  ³⁰ tn Heb “your repairers of damage.” See v. 9.

[27:28]  ³¹ tn Compare this phrase to Isa 57:20 and Amos 8:8. See M. Greenberg, Ezekiel (AB), 2:561.

[27:30]  ³² tn Heb “make heard over you with their voice.”

[27:30]  ³³ tn Note a similar expression to “roll in the ashes” in Mic 1:10.

[27:31]  ³⁴ tn Heb “and they will weep concerning you with bitterness of soul, (with) bitter mourning.”

[27:32]  ³⁵ tn As it stands, the meaning of the Hebrew text is unclear. The translation follows the suggestion of M. Dahood, “Accadian-Ugaritic dmt in Ezekiel 27:32,” Bib 45 (1964): 83-84. Several other explanations and emendations have been offered. See L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:83, and D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 2:85-86, for a list of options.

[27:34]  ³⁶ tn Heb “fallen.”

[27:34]  ³⁷ tn Heb “in the midst of you.”

[28:2]  ³⁸ tn Or “ruler” (NIV, NCV).

[28:2]  ³⁹ tn Heb “lifted up.”

[28:2]  ⁴⁰ tn Or “I am divine.”

[28:2]  ⁴¹ tn Heb “and you made your heart (mind) like the heart (mind) of gods.”

[28:3]  ⁴² sn Or perhaps “Danel” (so TEV), referring to a ruler known from Canaanite legend. See the note on “Daniel” in 14:14. A reference to Danel (preserved in legend at Ugarit, near the northern end of the Phoenician coast) makes more sense here when addressing Tyre than in 14:14.

[28:3]  ⁴³ sn The tone here is sarcastic, reflecting the ruler’s view of himself.

[28:5]  ⁴⁴ tn Or “wisdom.”

[28:6]  ⁴⁵ tn Heb “because of your making your heart like the heart of gods.”

[28:7]  ⁴⁶ sn This is probably a reference to the Babylonians.

[28:7]  ⁴⁷ tn Heb “they will draw their swords against the beauty of your wisdom.”

[28:8]  ⁴⁸ tn Heb “you will die the death of the slain.”

[28:10]  ⁴⁹ sn The Phoenicians practiced circumcision, so the language here must be figurative, indicating that they would be treated in a disgraceful manner. Uncircumcised peoples were viewed as inferior, unclean, and perhaps even sub-human. See 31:18 and 32:17-32, as well as the discussion in D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 2:99.

[19:29]  ⁵⁰ map For location see Map1 A2; Map2 G2; Map4 A1; JP3 F3; JP4 F3.

[23:4]  ⁵¹ tn J. N. Oswalt (Isaiah [NICOT], 1:430-31) sees here a reference to Yam, the Canaanite god of the sea. He interprets the phrase מָעוֹז הַיָּם (ma’oz hayyam, “fortress of the sea”) as a title of Yam, translating “Mighty One of the Sea.” A more traditional view is that the phrase refers to Sidon.

[23:4]  ⁵² tn Or “virgins” (KJV, ASV, NAB, NASB).

[23:8]  ⁵³ tn The precise meaning of הַמַּעֲטִירָה (hamma’atirah) is uncertain. The form is a Hiphil participle from עָטַר (’atar), a denominative verb derived from עֲטָרָה (’atarah, “crown, wreath”). The participle may mean “one who wears a crown” or “one who distributes crowns.” In either case, Tyre’s prominence in the international political arena is in view.

[23:8]  ⁵⁴ tn Heb “the honored” (so NASB, NRSV); NIV “renowned.”