Joshua 10:23-24

10:23 They did as ordered; ¹  they brought the five kings ²  out of the cave to him – the kings of Jerusalem, ³  Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon. 10:24 When they brought the kings out to Joshua, he ⁴  summoned all the men of Israel and said to the commanders of the troops who accompanied him, “Come here ⁵  and put your feet on the necks of these kings.” So they came up ⁶  and put their feet on their necks.

Joshua 12:7

12:7 These are the kings of the land whom Joshua and the Israelites defeated on the west side of the Jordan, from Baal Gad in the Lebanon Valley to Mount Halak on up to Seir. Joshua assigned this territory to the Israelite tribes, ⁷ 

Jude 1:6-7

1:6 You also know that ⁸  the angels who did not keep within their proper domain ⁹  but abandoned their own place of residence, he has kept ¹⁰  in eternal chains ¹¹  in utter ¹²  darkness, locked up ¹³  for the judgment of the great Day. 1:7 So also ¹⁴  Sodom and Gomorrah and the neighboring towns, ¹⁵  since they indulged in sexual immorality and pursued unnatural desire ¹⁶  in a way similar to ¹⁷  these angels, ¹⁸  are now displayed as an example by suffering the punishment of eternal fire.

[10:23]  ¹ tn Heb “they did so.”

[10:23]  ² tn Heb “these five kings.”

[10:23]  ³ map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[10:24]  ⁴ tn Heb “Joshua.” The translation has replaced the proper name with the pronoun (“he”) because a repetition of the proper name here would be redundant according to English style.

[10:24]  ⁵ tn Or “Draw near.”

[10:24]  ⁶ tn Or “drew near.”

[12:7]  ⁷ tn Heb “Joshua gave it to the tribes of Israel as a possession according to their allotted portions.”

[1:6]  ⁸ tn Grk “and.” Verse 6 is a continuation of the same sentence begun in v. 5. Due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.

[1:6]  ⁹ tn Grk “who did not keep their own domain.”

[1:6]  ¹⁰ sn There is an interesting play on words used in this verse. Because the angels did not keep their proper place, Jesus has kept them chained up in another place. The same verb keep is used in v. 1 to describe believers’ status before God and Christ.

[1:6]  ¹¹ sn In 2 Pet 2:4 a less common word for chains is used.

[1:6]  ¹² tn The word ζόφος (zofos, “utter, deepest darkness”) is used only five times in the NT: two in 2 Peter, two in Jude, and one in Hebrews. Jude 6 parallels 2 Pet 2:4; Jude 13 parallels 2 Pet 2:17.

[1:6]  ¹³ tn The words “locked up” are not in Greek, but is expressed in English as a resumptive point after the double prepositional phrase (“in eternal chains in utter darkness”).

[1:7]  ¹⁴ tn Grk “as.”

[1:7]  ¹⁵ tn Grk “the towns [or cities] surrounding them.”

[1:7]  ¹⁶ tn Grk “strange flesh.” This phrase has been variously interpreted. It could refer to flesh of another species (such as angels lusting after human flesh). This would aptly describe the sin of the angels, but not easily explain the sin of Sodom and Gomorrah. It could refer to the homosexual practices of the Sodomites, but a difficulty arises from the use of ἕτερος ({etero"; “strange,” “other”). When this is to be distinguished from ἄλλος (allos, “another”) it suggests “another of a different kind.” If so, would that properly describe homosexual behavior? In response, the language could easily be compact: “pursued flesh other than what was normally pursued.” However, would this find an analogy in the lust of angels (such would imply that angels normally had sexual relations of some sort, but cf. Matt 22:30)? Another alternative is that the focus of the parallel is on the activity of the surrounding cities and the activity of the angels. This is especially plausible since the participles ἐκπορνεύσασαι (ekporneusasai, “having indulged in sexual immorality”) and ἀπελθοῦσαι (apelqousai, “having pursued”) have concord with “cities” (πόλεις, poleis), a feminine plural noun, rather than with Sodom and Gomorrah (both masculine nouns). If so, then their sin would not necessarily have to be homosexuality. However, most likely the feminine participles are used because of constructio ad sensum (construction according to sense). That is, since both Sodom and Gomorrah are cities, the feminine is used to imply that all the cities are involved. The connection with angels thus seems to be somewhat loose: Both angels and Sodom and Gomorrah indulged in heinous sexual immorality. Thus, whether the false teachers indulge in homosexual activity is not the point; mere sexual immorality is enough to condemn them.

[1:7]  ¹⁷ tn Or “in the same way as.”

[1:7]  ¹⁸ tn “Angels” is not in the Greek text; but the masculine demonstrative pronoun most likely refers back to the angels of v. 6.