Numbers 21:3

21:3 The Lord listened to the voice of Israel and delivered up the Canaanites, ¹  and they utterly destroyed them and their cities. So the name of the place was called ²  Hormah.

Numbers 21:21-35

The Victory over Sihon and Og

21:21 ³ Then Israel sent messengers to King Sihon of the Amorites, saying, ⁴ 

21:22 “Let us ⁵  pass through your land; ⁶  we will not turn aside into the fields or into the vineyards, nor will we drink water from any well, but we will go along the King’s Highway until we pass your borders.” 21:23 But Sihon did not permit Israel to pass through his border; he ⁷  gathered all his forces ⁸  together and went out against Israel into the wilderness. When ⁹  he came to Jahaz, he fought against Israel. 21:24 But the Israelites ¹⁰  defeated him in battle ¹¹  and took possession of his land from the Arnon to the Jabbok, as far as the Ammonites, for the border of the Ammonites was strongly defended. 21:25 So Israel took all these cities; and Israel settled in all the cities of the Amorites, in Heshbon, and in all its villages. ¹²  21:26 For Heshbon was the city of King Sihon of the Amorites. Now he had fought against the former king of Moab and had taken all of his land from his control, ¹³  as far as the Arnon. 21:27 That is why those who speak in proverbs ¹⁴  say,

“Come to Heshbon, let it be built.

Let the city of Sihon be established! ¹⁵ 

21:28 For fire went out from Heshbon,

a flame from the city of Sihon.

It has consumed Ar of Moab

and the lords ¹⁶  of the high places of Arnon.

21:29 Woe to you, Moab.

You are ruined, O people of Chemosh! ¹⁷ 

He has made his sons fugitives,

and his daughters the prisoners of King Sihon of the Amorites.

21:30 We have overpowered them; ¹⁸ 

Heshbon has perished as far as Dibon.

We have shattered them as far as Nophah,

which ¹⁹  reaches to Medeba.”

21:31 So the Israelites ²⁰  lived in the land of the Amorites. 21:32 Moses sent spies to reconnoiter ²¹  Jaazer, and they captured its villages ²²  and dispossessed the Amorites who were there.

21:33 Then they turned and went up by the road to Bashan. And King Og of Bashan and all his forces ²³  marched out against them to do battle at Edrei. 21:34 And the Lord said to Moses, “Do not fear him, for I have delivered him and all his people and his land into your hand. You will do to him what you did to King Sihon of the Amorites, who lived in Heshbon. 21:35 So they defeated Og, ²⁴  his sons, and all his people, until there were no survivors, ²⁵  and they possessed his land.

Joshua 10:10-43

10:10 The Lord routed ²⁶  them before Israel. Israel ²⁷  thoroughly defeated them ²⁸  at Gibeon. They chased them up the road to the pass ²⁹  of Beth Horon and struck them down all the way to Azekah and Makkedah. 10:11 As they fled from Israel on the slope leading down from ³⁰  Beth Horon, the Lord threw down on them large hailstones from the sky, ³¹  all the way to Azekah. They died – in fact, more died from the hailstones than the Israelites killed with the sword.

10:12 The day the Lord delivered the Amorites over to the Israelites, Joshua prayed to the Lord before Israel: ³² 

“O sun, stand still over Gibeon!

O moon, over the Valley of Aijalon!”

10:13 The sun stood still and the moon stood motionless while the nation took vengeance on its enemies. The event is recorded in the Scroll of the Upright One. ³³  The sun stood motionless in the middle of the sky and did not set for about a full day. ³⁴  10:14 There has not been a day like it before or since. The Lord obeyed ³⁵  a man, for the Lord fought for Israel! 10:15 Then Joshua and all Israel returned to the camp at Gilgal.

10:16 The five Amorite kings ³⁶  ran away and hid in the cave at Makkedah. 10:17 Joshua was told, “The five kings have been found hiding in the cave at Makkedah.” 10:18 Joshua said, “Roll large stones over the mouth of the cave and post guards in front of it. ³⁷  10:19 But don’t you delay! Chase your enemies and catch them! ³⁸  Don’t allow them to retreat to ³⁹  their cities, for the Lord your God is handing them over to you.” ⁴⁰  10:20 Joshua and the Israelites almost totally wiped them out, but some survivors did escape to the fortified cities. ⁴¹  10:21 Then the whole army safely returned to Joshua at the camp in Makkedah. ⁴²  No one ⁴³  dared threaten the Israelites. ⁴⁴  10:22 Joshua said, “Open the cave’s mouth and bring the five kings ⁴⁵  out of the cave to me.” 10:23 They did as ordered; ⁴⁶  they brought the five kings ⁴⁷  out of the cave to him – the kings of Jerusalem, ⁴⁸  Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon. 10:24 When they brought the kings out to Joshua, he ⁴⁹  summoned all the men of Israel and said to the commanders of the troops who accompanied him, “Come here ⁵⁰  and put your feet on the necks of these kings.” So they came up ⁵¹  and put their feet on their necks. 10:25 Then Joshua said to them, “Don’t be afraid and don’t panic! ⁵²  Be strong and brave, for the Lord will do the same thing to all your enemies you fight. 10:26 Then Joshua executed them ⁵³  and hung them on five trees. They were left hanging on the trees until evening. 10:27 At sunset Joshua ordered his men to take them down from the trees. ⁵⁴  They threw them into the cave where they had hidden and piled large stones over the mouth of the cave. (They remain to this very day.) ⁵⁵ 

Joshua Launches a Southern Campaign

10:28 That day Joshua captured Makkedah and put the sword to it and its king. He annihilated everyone who lived in it; he left no survivors. He did to its king what he had done to the king of Jericho. ⁵⁶ 

10:29 Joshua and all Israel marched from Makkedah to Libnah and fought against it. ⁵⁷  10:30 The Lord handed it and its king over to Israel, and Israel ⁵⁸  put the sword to all who lived there; they ⁵⁹  left no survivors. They ⁶⁰  did to its king what they ⁶¹  had done to the king of Jericho. ⁶² 

10:31 Joshua and all Israel marched from Libnah to Lachish. He deployed his troops ⁶³  and fought against it. 10:32 The Lord handed Lachish over to Israel and they ⁶⁴  captured it on the second day. They put the sword to all who lived there, just as they had done to Libnah. 10:33 Then King Horam of Gezer came up to help Lachish, but Joshua struck down him and his army ⁶⁵  until no survivors remained.

10:34 Joshua and all Israel marched from Lachish to Eglon. They deployed troops ⁶⁶  and fought against it. 10:35 That day they captured it and put the sword to all who lived there. That day they ⁶⁷  annihilated it just as they ⁶⁸  had done to Lachish.

10:36 Joshua and all Israel marched up from Eglon to Hebron and fought against it. 10:37 They captured it and put the sword to its king, all its surrounding cities, and all who lived in it; they ⁶⁹  left no survivors. As they ⁷⁰  had done at Eglon, they ⁷¹  annihilated it and all who lived there.

10:38 Joshua and all Israel turned to Debir and fought against it. 10:39 They ⁷²  captured it, its king, and all its surrounding cities and put the sword to them. They annihilated everyone who lived there; they ⁷³  left no survivors. They ⁷⁴  did to Debir and its king what they ⁷⁵  had done to Libnah and its king and to Hebron. ⁷⁶ 

10:40 Joshua defeated the whole land, including the hill country, the Negev, the lowlands, ⁷⁷  the slopes, and all their kings. He left no survivors. He annihilated everything that breathed, just as the Lord God of Israel had commanded. 10:41 Joshua conquered the area between Kadesh Barnea and Gaza and the whole region of Goshen, all the way to Gibeon. ⁷⁸  10:42 Joshua captured in one campaign ⁷⁹  all these kings and their lands, for the Lord God of Israel fought for Israel. 10:43 Then Joshua and all Israel returned to the camp at Gilgal.

Joshua 12:1-24

12:1 Now these are the kings of the land whom the Israelites defeated and drove from their land ⁸⁰  on the east side of the Jordan, ⁸¹  from the Arnon Valley to Mount Hermon, including all the eastern Arabah:

12:2 King Sihon of the Amorites who lived ⁸²  in Heshbon and ruled from Aroer (on the edge of the Arnon Valley) – including the city in the middle of the valley ⁸³  and half of Gilead – all the way to the Jabbok Valley bordering Ammonite territory. 12:3 His kingdom included ⁸⁴  the eastern Arabah from the Sea of Kinnereth ⁸⁵  to the Sea of the Arabah (the Salt Sea), ⁸⁶  including the route to Beth Jeshimoth and the area southward below the slopes of Pisgah.

12:4 The territory of King Og of Bashan, one of the few remaining Rephaites, ⁸⁷  who lived ⁸⁸  in Ashtaroth and Edrei 12:5 and ruled over Mount Hermon, Salecah, all of Bashan to the border of the Geshurites and Maacathites, and half of Gilead as far as the border of King Sihon of Heshbon.

12:6 Moses the Lord’s servant and the Israelites defeated them and Moses the Lord’s servant assigned their land ⁸⁹  to Reuben, Gad, and the half tribe of Manasseh.

12:7 These are the kings of the land whom Joshua and the Israelites defeated on the west side of the Jordan, from Baal Gad in the Lebanon Valley to Mount Halak on up to Seir. Joshua assigned this territory to the Israelite tribes, ⁹⁰  12:8 including the hill country, the lowlands, ⁹¹  the Arabah, the slopes, the wilderness, and the Negev – the land of ⁹²  the Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites:

12:9 the king of Jericho ⁹³  (one),

the king of Ai – located near Bethel – (one),

12:10 the king of Jerusalem ⁹⁴  (one),

the king of Hebron (one),

12:11 the king of Jarmuth (one),

the king of Lachish (one),

12:12 the king of Eglon (one),

the king of Gezer (one),

12:13 the king of Debir (one),

the king of Geder (one),

12:14 the king of Hormah (one),

the king of Arad (one),

12:15 the king of Libnah (one),

the king of Adullam (one),

12:16 the king of Makkedah (one),

the king of Bethel ⁹⁵  (one),

12:17 the king of Tappuah (one),

the king of Hepher (one),

12:18 the king of Aphek (one),

the king of Lasharon (one),

12:19 the king of Madon (one),

the king of Hazor ⁹⁶  (one),

12:20 the king of Shimron Meron (one),

the king of Acshaph (one),

12:21 the king of Taanach (one),

the king of Megiddo ⁹⁷  (one),

12:22 the king of Kedesh (one),

the king of Jokneam near Carmel (one),

12:23 the king of Dor – near Naphath Dor – (one),

the king of Goyim – near Gilgal – (one),

12:24 the king of Tirzah (one),

a total of thirty-one kings.

Revelation 19:14-21

19:14 The ⁹⁸  armies that are in heaven, dressed in white, clean, fine linen, ⁹⁹  were following him on white horses. 19:15 From his mouth extends a sharp sword, so that with it he can strike the nations. ¹⁰⁰  He ¹⁰¹  will rule ¹⁰²  them with an iron rod, ¹⁰³  and he stomps the winepress ¹⁰⁴  of the furious ¹⁰⁵  wrath of God, the All-Powerful. ¹⁰⁶  19:16 He has a name written on his clothing and on his thigh: “King of kings and Lord of lords.”

19:17 Then ¹⁰⁷  I saw one angel standing in ¹⁰⁸  the sun, and he shouted in a loud voice to all the birds flying high in the sky: ¹⁰⁹ 

“Come, gather around for the great banquet ¹¹⁰  of God,

19:18 to eat ¹¹¹  your fill ¹¹²  of the flesh of kings,

the flesh of generals, ¹¹³ 

the flesh of powerful people,

the flesh of horses and those who ride them,

and the flesh of all people, both free and slave, ¹¹⁴ 

and small and great!”

19:19 Then ¹¹⁵  I saw the beast and the kings of the earth and their armies assembled to do battle with the one who rode the horse and with his army. 19:20 Now ¹¹⁶  the beast was seized, and along with him the false prophet who had performed the signs on his behalf ¹¹⁷  – signs by which he deceived those who had received the mark of the beast and those who worshiped his image. Both of them were thrown alive into the lake of fire burning with sulfur. ¹¹⁸  19:21 The ¹¹⁹  others were killed by the sword that extended from the mouth of the one who rode the horse, and all the birds gorged ¹²⁰  themselves with their flesh.

[21:3]  ¹ tc Smr, Greek, and Syriac add “into his hand.”

[21:3]  ² tn In the Hebrew text the verb has no expressed subject, and so here too is made passive. The name “Hormah” is etymologically connected to the verb “utterly destroy,” forming the popular etymology (or paronomasia, a phonetic wordplay capturing the significance of the event).

[21:21]  ³ sn For this section, see further J. R. Bartlett, “Sihon and Og of the Amorites,” VT 20 (1970): 257-77, and “The Moabites and the Edomites,” Peoples of Old Testament Times, 229-58; S. H. Horn, “The Excavations at Tell Hesban, 1973,” ADAJ 18 (1973): 87-88.

[21:21]  ⁴ tc Smr and the LXX have “words of peace.”

[21:22]  ⁵ tn The Hebrew text uses the singular in these verses to match the reference to “Israel.”

[21:22]  ⁶ tc Smr has “by the King’s way I will go. I will not turn aside to the right or the left.”

[21:23]  ⁷ tn Heb “Sihon.”

[21:23]  ⁸ tn Heb “people.”

[21:23]  ⁹ tn The clause begins with a preterite with vav (ו) consecutive, but may be subordinated to the next preterite as a temporal clause.

[21:24]  ¹⁰ tn The Hebrew text has “Israel,” but the verb is plural.

[21:24]  ¹¹ tn Heb “with the edge of the sword.”

[21:25]  ¹² tn Heb “its daughters.”

[21:26]  ¹³ sn There is a justice, always, in the divine plan for the conquest of the land. Modern students of the Bible often think that the conquest passages are crude and unjust. But an understanding of the ancient Near East is critical here. This Sihon was not a part of the original population of the land. He himself invaded the territory and destroyed the population of Moab that was indigenous there and established his own kingdom. The ancient history is filled with such events; it is the way of life they chose – conquer or be conquered. For Israel to defeat them was in part a turning of their own devices back on their heads – “those that live by the sword will die by the sword.” Sihon knew this, and he did not wait, but took the war to Israel. Israel wanted to pass through, not fight. But now they would either fight or be pushed into the gorge. So God used Israel to defeat Sihon, who had no claim to the land, as part of divine judgment.

[21:27]  ¹⁴ sn Proverbs of antiquity could include pithy sayings or longer songs, riddles, or poems composed to catch the significance or the irony of an event. This is a brief poem to remember the event, like an Egyptian victory song. It may have originated as an Amorite war taunt song; it was sung to commemorate this victory. It was cited later by Jeremiah (48:45-46). The composer invites his victorious people to rebuild the conquered city as a new capital for Sihon. He then turns to address the other cities which his God(s) has/have given to him. See P. D. Hanson, “The Song of Heshbon and David’s Nir,” HTR 61 (1968): 301.

[21:27]  ¹⁵ tn Meaning, “rebuilt and restored.”

[21:28]  ¹⁶ tc Some scholars emend to בָּלְעָה (bal’ah), reading “and devoured,” instead of בַּעֲלֵי (ba’aley, “its lords”); cf. NAB, NRSV, TEV. This emendation is closer to the Greek and makes a better parallelism, but the MT makes good sense as it stands.

[21:29]  ¹⁷ sn The note of holy war emerges here as the victory is a victory over the local gods as well as over the people.

[21:30]  ¹⁸ tc The first verb is difficult. MT has “we shot at them.” The Greek has “their posterity perished” (see GKC 218 §76.f).

[21:30]  ¹⁹ tc The relative pronoun “which” (אֲשֶׁר, ’asher) posed a problem for the ancient scribes here, as indicated by the so-called extraordinary point (punta extraordinaria) over the letter ר (resh) of אֲשֶׁר. Smr and the LXX have “fire” (אֵשׁ, ’esh) here (cf. NAB, NJB, RSV, NRSV). Some modern scholars emend the word to שֹׁאָה (sho’ah, “devastation”).

[21:31]  ²⁰ tn Heb “Israel.”

[21:32]  ²¹ tn Heb “Moses sent to spy out.”

[21:32]  ²² tn Heb “daughters.”

[21:33]  ²³ tn Heb “people.”

[21:35]  ²⁴ tn Heb “him”; the referent (Og) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[21:35]  ²⁵ tn Heb “no remnant.”

[10:10]  ²⁶ tn Or “caused to panic.”

[10:10]  ²⁷ tn Heb “he.” The referent is probably Israel (mentioned at the end of the previous sentence in the verse; cf. NIV, NRSV), but it is also possible that the Lord should be understood as the referent (cf. NASB “and He slew them with a great slaughter at Gibeon”), or even Joshua (cf. NEB “and Joshua defeated them utterly in Gibeon”).

[10:10]  ²⁸ tn Heb “struck them down with a great striking down.”

[10:10]  ²⁹ tn Or “ascent.”

[10:11]  ³⁰ tn Heb “on the descent of.”

[10:11]  ³¹ tn Or “heaven” (also in v. 13). The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heaven(s)” or “sky” depending on the context.

[10:12]  ³² tn Heb “Then Joshua spoke to the Lord in the day the Lord placed the Amorites before the sons of Israel and he said in the eyes of Israel.” It is uncertain whether the phrase “before the sons of Israel” modifies the verb “placed” (as in the present translation, “delivered the Amorites over to the Israelites”) or the verb “spoke” (“Joshua spoke to the Lord before the sons of Israel in the day the Lord delivered over the Amorites”).

[10:13]  ³³ tn Heb “Is it not written down in the Scroll of the Upright One.” Many modern translations render, “the Scroll [or Book] of Jashar,” leaving the Hebrew name “Jashar” (which means “Upright One”) untranslated.

[10:13]  ³⁴ tn Heb “and did not hurry to set [for] about a full day.”

[10:14]  ³⁵ tn Heb “listened to the voice of.”

[10:16]  ³⁶ tn Heb “these five kings.”

[10:18]  ³⁷ tn Heb “and appoint by it men to guard them.”

[10:19]  ³⁸ tn Heb “But [as for] you, don’t stand still, chase after your enemies and attack them from the rear.”

[10:19]  ³⁹ tn Or “enter into.”

[10:19]  ⁴⁰ tn Heb “has given them into your hand.” The verbal form is a perfect of certitude, emphasizing the certainty of the action.

[10:20]  ⁴¹ tn Heb “When Joshua and the sons of Israel finished defeating them with a very great defeat until they were destroyed (now the survivors escaped to the fortified cities).” In the Hebrew text the initial temporal clause (“when Joshua…finished”) is subordinated to v. 21 (“the whole army returned”).

[10:21]  ⁴² tn Heb “all the people returned to the camp, to Joshua [at] Makkedah [in] peace.”

[10:21]  ⁴³ tc Heb “No man.” The lamed (ל) prefixed to אִישׁ (’ish, “man”) is probably dittographic (note the immediately preceding יִשְׂרָאֵל [isra’el] which ends in lamed, ל); cf. the LXX.

[10:21]  ⁴⁴ tn Heb “no man sharpened [or perhaps, “pointed”] his tongue against the sons of Israel.” Cf. NEB “not a man of the Israelites suffered so much as a scratch on his tongue,” which understands “sharpened” as “scratched” (referring to a minor wound). Most modern translations understand the Hebrew expression “sharpened his tongue” figuratively for opposition or threats against the Israelites.

[10:22]  ⁴⁵ tn Heb “these five kings.”

[10:23]  ⁴⁶ tn Heb “they did so.”

[10:23]  ⁴⁷ tn Heb “these five kings.”

[10:23]  ⁴⁸ map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[10:24]  ⁴⁹ tn Heb “Joshua.” The translation has replaced the proper name with the pronoun (“he”) because a repetition of the proper name here would be redundant according to English style.

[10:24]  ⁵⁰ tn Or “Draw near.”

[10:24]  ⁵¹ tn Or “drew near.”

[10:25]  ⁵² tn Or perhaps “and don’t get discouraged!”

[10:26]  ⁵³ tn Heb “struck them down and killed them.”

[10:27]  ⁵⁴ sn For the legal background of the removal of the corpses before sundown, see Deut 21:22-23.

[10:27]  ⁵⁵ tn Heb “to this very day.” The words “They remain” are supplied in the translation for clarification.

[10:28]  ⁵⁶ map For location see Map5 B2; Map6 E1; Map7 E1; Map8 E3; Map10 A2; Map11 A1.

[10:29]  ⁵⁷ tn Heb “Libnah.” Repetition of the proper name here would be redundant according to English style, so the pronoun (“it”) has been employed in the translation.

[10:30]  ⁵⁸ tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).

[10:30]  ⁵⁹ tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).

[10:30]  ⁶⁰ tn Heb “He”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).

[10:30]  ⁶¹ tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).

[10:30]  ⁶² map For location see Map5 B2; Map6 E1; Map7 E1; Map8 E3; Map10 A2; Map11 A1.

[10:31]  ⁶³ tn Heb “encamped against it.”

[10:32]  ⁶⁴ tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).

[10:33]  ⁶⁵ tn Heb “people.”

[10:34]  ⁶⁶ tn Heb “they encamped against it.”

[10:35]  ⁶⁷ tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).

[10:35]  ⁶⁸ tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).

[10:37]  ⁶⁹ tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).

[10:37]  ⁷⁰ tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).

[10:37]  ⁷¹ tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).

[10:39]  ⁷² tn Heb “He”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).

[10:39]  ⁷³ tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).

[10:39]  ⁷⁴ tn Heb “He”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).

[10:39]  ⁷⁵ tn Heb “he”; the implied subject may be Israel, or Joshua (as the commanding general of the army).

[10:39]  ⁷⁶ tn Heb “as he did to Hebron, so he did to Debir and its king, and as he did to Libnah and its king.” The clauses have been rearranged in the translation for stylistic reasons.

[10:40]  ⁷⁷ tn Or “foothills”; Heb “the Shephelah.”

[10:41]  ⁷⁸ tn Heb “and Joshua struck them down, from Kadesh Barnea even to Gaza, and all the land of Goshen, even to Gibeon.”

[10:42]  ⁷⁹ tn Heb “at one time.”

[12:1]  ⁸⁰ tn Heb “and took possession of their land.”

[12:1]  ⁸¹ tn Heb “beyond the Jordan, toward the rising of the sun.”

[12:2]  ⁸² tn Or perhaps, “reigned.”

[12:2]  ⁸³ tc The MT reads here, “and the middle of the valley,” but the reading “the city in the middle of valley” can be reconstructed on the basis of Josh 13:9, 16.

[12:3]  ⁸⁴ tn The words “his kingdom included” are supplied in the translation for clarification.

[12:3]  ⁸⁵ sn The Sea of Kinnereth is another name for the Sea of Galilee. See the note on the word “Kinnereth” in 11:2.

[12:3]  ⁸⁶ sn The Salt Sea is another name for the Dead Sea.

[12:4]  ⁸⁷ tn Heb “from the remnant of the Rephaites.”

[12:4]  ⁸⁸ tn Or perhaps “who reigned.”

[12:6]  ⁸⁹ tn Heb “gave it for a possession.”

[12:7]  ⁹⁰ tn Heb “Joshua gave it to the tribes of Israel as a possession according to their allotted portions.”

[12:8]  ⁹¹ tn Or “the foothills”; Heb “the Shephelah.”

[12:8]  ⁹² tn The words “the land of” are supplied in the translation for clarification.

[12:9]  ⁹³ map For location see Map5 B2; Map6 E1; Map7 E1; Map8 E3; Map10 A2; Map11 A1.

[12:10]  ⁹⁴ map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[12:16]  ⁹⁵ map For location see Map4 G4; Map5 C1; Map6 E3; Map7 D1; Map8 G3.

[12:19]  ⁹⁶ map For location see Map1 D2; Map2 D3; Map3 A2; Map4 C1.

[12:21]  ⁹⁷ map For location see Map1 D4; Map2 C1; Map4 C2; Map5 F2; Map7 B1.

[19:14]  ⁹⁸ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[19:14]  ⁹⁹ tn On the term translated “fine linen,” BDAG 185 s.v. βύσσινος states, “made of fine linen, subst. τὸ β. fine linen, linen garment…Rv 18:12, 16; 19:8, 14.”

[19:15]  ¹⁰⁰ tn Or “the Gentiles” (the same Greek word may be translated “Gentiles” or “nations”).

[19:15]  ¹⁰¹ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[19:15]  ¹⁰² tn Grk “will shepherd.”

[19:15]  ¹⁰³ tn Or “scepter.” The Greek term ῥάβδος (rJabdo") can mean either “rod” or “scepter.”

[19:15]  ¹⁰⁴ sn He stomps the winepress. See Isa 63:3, where Messiah does this alone (usually several individuals would join in the process), and Rev 14:20.

[19:15]  ¹⁰⁵ tn The genitive θυμοῦ (qumou) has been translated as an attributed genitive. Following BDAG 461 s.v. θυμός 2, the combination of the genitives of θυμός (qumos) and ὀργή (orgh) in Rev 16:19 and 19:15 are taken to be a strengthening of the thought as in the OT and Qumran literature (Exod 32:12; Jer 32:37; Lam 2:3; CD 10:9).

[19:15]  ¹⁰⁶ tn On this word BDAG 755 s.v. παντοκράτωρ states, “the Almighty, All-Powerful, Omnipotent (One) only of God…(ὁ) κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ π. …Rv 1:8; 4:8; 11:17; 15:3; 16:7; 21:22.”

[19:17]  ¹⁰⁷ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.

[19:17]  ¹⁰⁸ tn The precise significance of ἐν (en) here is difficult to determine.

[19:17]  ¹⁰⁹ tn On μεσουρανήματι (mesouranhmati) here see L&N 1.10: “high in the sky, midpoint in the sky, directly overhead, straight above in the sky.” The birds mentioned here are carrion birds like vultures, circling high overhead, and now being summoned to feast on the corpses.

[19:17]  ¹¹⁰ tn This is the same Greek word (δεῖπνον, deipnon) used in 19:9.

[19:18]  ¹¹¹ tn The ἵνα (Jina) clause, insofar as it is related to the first imperative, has the force of an imperative.

[19:18]  ¹¹² tn The idea of eating “your fill” is evident in the context with the use of χορτάζω (cortazw) in v. 21.

[19:18]  ¹¹³ tn Grk “chiliarchs”; normally a chiliarch was a military officer commanding a thousand soldiers, but here probably used of higher-ranking commanders like generals (see L&N 55.15; cf. Rev 6:15).

[19:18]  ¹¹⁴ tn See the note on the word “servants” in 1:1.

[19:19]  ¹¹⁵ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.

[19:20]  ¹¹⁶ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the introduction of an unexpected development in the account: The opposing armies do not come together in battle; rather the leader of one side is captured.

[19:20]  ¹¹⁷ tn For this meaning see BDAG 342 s.v. ἐνώπιον 4.b, “by the authority of, on behalf of Rv 13:12, 14; 19:20.”

[19:20]  ¹¹⁸ tn Traditionally, “brimstone.”

[19:21]  ¹¹⁹ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[19:21]  ¹²⁰ tn On the translation of ἐχορτάσθησαν (ecortasqhsan) BDAG 1087 s.v. χορτάζω 1.a states, “of animals, pass. in act. sense πάντα τὰ ὄρνεα ἐχορτάσθησαν ἐκ τῶν σαρκῶν αὐτῶν all the birds gorged themselves with their flesh Rv 19:21 (cp. TestJud. 21:8).”