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Revelation 19:14-21

Context
19:14 The¹ armies that are in heaven, dressed in white, clean, fine linen,² were following him on white horses. 19:15 From his mouth extends a sharp sword, so that with it he can strike the nations.³ He⁴ will rule⁵ them with an iron rod,⁶ and he stomps the winepress⁷ of the furious⁸ wrath of God, the All-Powerful.⁹ 19:16 He has a name written on his clothing and on his thigh: “King of kings and Lord of lords.”

19:17 Then¹⁰ I saw one angel standing in¹¹ the sun, and he shouted in a loud voice to all the birds flying high in the sky:¹²

“Come, gather around for the great banquet¹³ of God,

19:18 to eat¹⁴ your fill¹⁵ of the flesh of kings,

the flesh of generals,¹⁶

the flesh of powerful people,

the flesh of horses and those who ride them,

and the flesh of all people, both free and slave,¹⁷

and small and great!”

19:19 Then¹⁸ I saw the beast and the kings of the earth and their armies assembled to do battle with the one who rode the horse and with his army. 19:20 Now¹⁹ the beast was seized, and along with him the false prophet who had performed the signs on his behalf²⁰ – signs by which he deceived those who had received the mark of the beast and those who worshiped his image. Both of them were thrown alive into the lake of fire burning with sulfur.²¹ 19:21 The²² others were killed by the sword that extended from the mouth of the one who rode the horse, and all the birds gorged²³ themselves with their flesh.

Isaiah 34:5-7

Context

34:5 He says,²⁴ “Indeed, my sword has slaughtered heavenly powers.²⁵

Look, it now descends on Edom,²⁶

on the people I will annihilate in judgment.”

34:6 The Lord’s sword is dripping with blood,

it is covered²⁷ with fat;

it drips²⁸ with the blood of young rams and goats

and is covered²⁹ with the fat of rams’ kidneys.

For the Lord is holding a sacrifice³⁰ in Bozrah,³¹

a bloody³² slaughter in the land of Edom.

34:7 Wild oxen will be slaughtered³³ along with them,

as well as strong bulls.³⁴

Their land is drenched with blood,

their soil is covered with fat.

Isaiah 66:24

Context
66:24 “They will go out and observe the corpses of those who rebelled against me, for the maggots that eat them will not die,³⁵ and the fire that consumes them will not die out.³⁶ All people will find the sight abhorrent.”³⁷

Ezekiel 39:17-21

Context

39:17 “As for you, son of man, this is what the sovereign Lord says: Tell every kind of bird and every wild beast: ‘Assemble and come! Gather from all around to my slaughter³⁸ which I am going to make for you, a great slaughter on the mountains of Israel! You will eat flesh and drink blood. 39:18 You will eat the flesh of warriors³⁹ and drink the blood of the princes of the earth – the rams, lambs, goats, and bulls, all of them fattened animals of Bashan. 39:19 You will eat fat until you are full, and drink blood until you are drunk,⁴⁰ at my slaughter⁴¹ which I have made for you. 39:20 You will fill up at my table with horses and charioteers,⁴² with warriors and all the soldiers,’ declares the sovereign Lord.

39:21 “I will display my majesty⁴³ among the nations. All the nations will witness the judgment I have executed, and the power I have exhibited⁴⁴ among them.

[19:14] ¹tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[19:14] ²tn On the term translated “fine linen,” BDAG 185 s.v. βύσσινος states, “made of fine linen, subst. τὸ β. fine linen, linen garment…Rv 18:12, 16; 19:8, 14.”

[19:15] ³tn Or “the Gentiles” (the same Greek word may be translated “Gentiles” or “nations”).

[19:15] ⁴tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[19:15] ⁵tn Grk “will shepherd.”

[19:15] ⁶tn Or “scepter.” The Greek term ῥάβδος (rJabdo") can mean either “rod” or “scepter.”

[19:15] ⁷sn He stomps the winepress. See Isa 63:3, where Messiah does this alone (usually several individuals would join in the process), and Rev 14:20.

[19:15] ⁸tn The genitive θυμοῦ (qumou) has been translated as an attributed genitive. Following BDAG 461 s.v. θυμός 2, the combination of the genitives of θυμός (qumos) and ὀργή (orgh) in Rev 16:19 and 19:15 are taken to be a strengthening of the thought as in the OT and Qumran literature (Exod 32:12; Jer 32:37; Lam 2:3; CD 10:9).

[19:15] ⁹tn On this word BDAG 755 s.v. παντοκράτωρ states, “the Almighty, All-Powerful, Omnipotent (One) only of God…(ὁ) κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ π. …Rv 1:8; 4:8; 11:17; 15:3; 16:7; 21:22.”

[19:17] ¹⁰tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.

[19:17] ¹¹tn The precise significance of ἐν (en) here is difficult to determine.

[19:17] ¹²tn On μεσουρανήματι (mesouranhmati) here see L&N 1.10: “high in the sky, midpoint in the sky, directly overhead, straight above in the sky.” The birds mentioned here are carrion birds like vultures, circling high overhead, and now being summoned to feast on the corpses.

[19:17] ¹³tn This is the same Greek word (δεῖπνον, deipnon) used in 19:9.

[19:18] ¹⁴tn The ἵνα (Jina) clause, insofar as it is related to the first imperative, has the force of an imperative.

[19:18] ¹⁵tn The idea of eating “your fill” is evident in the context with the use of χορτάζω (cortazw) in v. 21.

[19:18] ¹⁶tn Grk “chiliarchs”; normally a chiliarch was a military officer commanding a thousand soldiers, but here probably used of higher-ranking commanders like generals (see L&N 55.15; cf. Rev 6:15).

[19:18] ¹⁷tn See the note on the word “servants” in 1:1.

[19:19] ¹⁸tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.

[19:20] ¹⁹tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the introduction of an unexpected development in the account: The opposing armies do not come together in battle; rather the leader of one side is captured.

[19:20] ²⁰tn For this meaning see BDAG 342 s.v. ἐνώπιον 4.b, “by the authority of, on behalf of Rv 13:12, 14; 19:20.”

[19:20] ²¹tn Traditionally, “brimstone.”

[19:21] ²²tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[19:21] ²³tn On the translation of ἐχορτάσθησαν (ecortasqhsan) BDAG 1087 s.v. χορτάζω 1.a states, “of animals, pass. in act. sense πάντα τὰ ὄρνεα ἐχορτάσθησαν ἐκ τῶν σαρκῶν αὐτῶν all the birds gorged themselves with their flesh Rv 19:21 (cp. TestJud. 21:8).”

[34:5] ²⁴tn The words “he says” are supplied in the translation for clarification. The Lord speaks at this point.

[34:5] ²⁵tn Heb “indeed [or “for”] my sword is drenched in the heavens.” The Qumran scroll 1QIsa^a has תראה (“[my sword] appeared [in the heavens]”), but this is apparently an attempt to make sense out of a difficult metaphor. Cf. NIV “My sword has drunk its fill in the heavens.”

[34:5] ²⁶sn Edom is mentioned here as epitomizing the hostile nations that oppose God.

[34:6] ²⁷tn The verb is a rare Hotpaal passive form. See GKC 150 §54.h.

[34:6] ²⁸tn The words “it drips” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.

[34:6] ²⁹tn The words “and is covered” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.

[34:6] ³⁰tn Heb “for there is a sacrifice to the Lord.”

[34:6] ³¹sn The Lord’s judgment of Edom is compared to a bloody sacrificial scene.

[34:6] ³²tn Heb “great” (so KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV).

[34:7] ³³tn Heb “will go down”; NAB “shall be struck down.”

[34:7] ³⁴tn Heb “and bulls along with strong ones.” Perhaps this refers to the leaders.

[66:24] ³⁵tn Heb “for their worm will not die.”

[66:24] ³⁶tn Heb “and their fire will not be extinguished.”

[66:24] ³⁷tn Heb “and they will be an abhorrence to all flesh.”

[39:17] ³⁸tn Or “sacrifice” (so also in the rest of this verse).

[39:18] ³⁹sn See Rev 19:17-18.

[39:19] ⁴⁰sn Eating the fat and drinking blood were God’s exclusive rights in Israelite sacrifices (Lev 3:17).

[39:19] ⁴¹tn Or “sacrifice” (so also in the rest of this verse).

[39:20] ⁴²tn Heb “chariots.”

[39:21] ⁴³tn Or “my glory.”

[39:21] ⁴⁴tn Heb “my hand which I have placed.”