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Text -- Isaiah 1:22 (NET)

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Context
1:22 Your silver has become scum, your beer is diluted with water.
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Names, People and Places, Dictionary Themes and Topics

Dictionary Themes and Topics: Wine | WINE; WINE PRESS | Tin | Sin | SILVER | REPROBATE | Israel | Isaiah, The Book of | GOD, 2 | Dross | Church | Backsliders | more
Table of Contents

Word/Phrase Notes
JFB , Clarke , Calvin , TSK

Word/Phrase Notes
Barnes , Poole , Haydock , Gill

Verse Notes / Footnotes
NET Notes , Geneva Bible

Verse Range Notes
TSK Synopsis , MHCC , Matthew Henry , Keil-Delitzsch , Constable , Guzik

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Commentary -- Word/Phrase Notes (per phrase)

JFB: Isa 1:22 - -- Thy princes and people are degenerate in "solid worth," equivalent to "silver" (Jer 6:28, Jer 6:30; Eze 22:18-19), and in their use of the living Word...

Thy princes and people are degenerate in "solid worth," equivalent to "silver" (Jer 6:28, Jer 6:30; Eze 22:18-19), and in their use of the living Word, equivalent to "wine" (Son 7:9).

JFB: Isa 1:22 - -- Literally, "circumcised." So the Arabic, "to murder" wine, equivalent to dilute it.

Literally, "circumcised." So the Arabic, "to murder" wine, equivalent to dilute it.

Clarke: Isa 1:22 - -- Wine mixed with water - An image used for the adulteration of wines, with more propriety than may at first appear, if what Thevenot says of the peop...

Wine mixed with water - An image used for the adulteration of wines, with more propriety than may at first appear, if what Thevenot says of the people of the Levant of late times were true of them formerly. He says, "They never mingle water with their wine to drink; but drink by itself what water they think proper for abating the strength of the wine."" Lorsque les Persans boivent du vin, ils le prennent tout pur, a la facon des Levantins, qui ne le melent jamais avec de l’ eua; mais en beuvant du vin, de temps en temps ils prennent un pot d’ eau, et en boivent de grand traits ."Voyage, part ii., 54 ii., chap. 10. " Ils (les Turcs) n’ y meslent jamais d’ eau, et se moquent des Chretiens qui en mettent, ce qui leur semble tout a fait ridicule ."Ibid. part i., chap. 24. "The Turks never mingle water with their wine, and laugh at the Christians for doing it, which they consider altogether ridiculous.

It is remarkable that whereas the Greeks and Latins by mixed wine always understood wine diluted and lowered with water, the Hebrews on the contrary generally mean by it wine made stronger and more inebriating by the addition of higher and more powerful ingredients, such as honey, spices, defrutum, (or wine inspissated by boiling it down to two-thirds or one-half of the quantity), myrrh, mandragora, opiates, and other strong drugs. Such were the exhilarating, or rather stupefying, ingredients which Helen mixed in the bowl together with the wine for her guests oppressed with grief to raise their spirits, the composition of which she had learned in Egypt: -

Αυτικ αρ εις οινον βαλε φαρμακον, ενθεν επινον,

Νηπενθες τ αχολον τε, κακων επιληθον ἁπαντων

Homer. Odyss. lib. iv., ver. 220

"Meanwhile, with genial joy to warm the soul

Bright Helen mix’ d a mirth-inspiring bowl

Temper’ d with drugs of sovereign use, to assuag

The boiling bosom of tumultuous rage

Charm’ d with that virtuous draught, the exalted min

All sense of wo delivers to the wind.

Pope

Such was the "spiced wine and the juice of pomegranates,"mentioned Son 8:2. And how much the Eastern people to this day deal in artificial liquors of prodigious strength, the use of wine being forbidden, may be seen in a curious chapter of Kempfer upon that subject. Amoen. Exot. Fasc. iii., Obs. 15

Thus the drunkard is properly described, Pro 23:30, as one "that seeketh mixed wine,"and "is mighty to mingle strong drink,"Isa 5:22. And hence the poet took that highly poetical and sublime image of the cup of God’ s wrath, called by Isa 51:17, the "cup of trembling,"causing intoxication and stupefaction, (see Chappelow’ s note on Hariri, p. 33), containing, as St. John expresses in Greek the Hebrew idea with the utmost precision, though with a seeming contradiction in terms, κεκερασμενον ακρατον, merum mixtum , pure wine made yet stronger by a mixture of powerful ingredients; Rev 14:10. "In the hand of Jehovah,"saith the psalmist, Psa 75:8, "there is a cup, and the wine is turbid: it is full of a mixed liquor, and he poureth out of it,"or rather, "he poureth it out of one vessel into another,"to mix it perfectly, according to the reading expressed by the ancient versions, ויגר מזה אל זה vaiyagger mizzeh al zeh , and he pours it from this to that, "verily the dregs thereof,"the thickest sediment of the strong ingredients mingled with it, "all the ungodly of the earth shall wring them out, and drink them.

R. D. Kimchi says, "The current coin was adulterated with brass, tin, and other metals, and yet was circulated as good money. The wine also was adulterated with water in the taverns, and sold notwithstanding for pure wine."

Calvin: Isa 1:22 - -- 22.Thy silver is become dross, thy wine mixed with water Isaiah speaks metaphorically, and by two comparisons shows here, that though the outward app...

22.Thy silver is become dross, thy wine mixed with water Isaiah speaks metaphorically, and by two comparisons shows here, that though the outward appearance of affairs was not openly overturned, yet their condition was changed and corrupted, so as to be widely different from what it had formerly been: for he says that dross now shines instead of gold, and that the wine, though it retains its color, has lost its flavour. “Though thou still make an empty show,” saith the Prophet, “yet nothing pure will be found in thee: that wine which was wont to be Stare in thee is corrupted; and though its color deceive the eye, its taste shows that it has been mixed. ”

All this means nothing more than that the Jews should lay aside hypocrisy, and should begin to confess their sins, and no longer flatter themselves after the manner of hypocrites. The comparisons here employed are exceedingly well adapted to this end, for dross bears some resemblance to gold; and in like manner, the color of wine mixed with water resembles that of pure wine; and yet both are very far from having that purity of which they make an outward show. In like manner hypocrites, by their hypocrisy, may be said to assume a false color of silver, though they are of no more value than dross, and indeed are the more detestable on this account, that, though they are exceedingly wicked, yet, with not less treachery than baseness, they present to God and to men those hollow pretensions by which they cloak their malice.

TSK: Isa 1:22 - -- silver : Jer 6:28-30; Lam 4:1, Lam 4:2; Eze 22:18-22; Hos 6:4 wine : Hos 4:18; 2Co 2:17

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Commentary -- Word/Phrase Notes (per Verse)

Barnes: Isa 1:22 - -- Thy silver - The sentiment in this verse, as it is explained by the following, is, thy princes and people have become corrupt, and polluted. Si...

Thy silver - The sentiment in this verse, as it is explained by the following, is, thy princes and people have become corrupt, and polluted. Silver is used here to denote what should have been more valuable - virtuous princes.

Dross - This word - סיג sı̂g - means the scoriae, or baser metal, which is separated from the purer in smelting. It is of little or no value; and the expression means, that the rulers had become debased and corrupt, as if pure silver had been converted wholly to dross.

Thy wine - Wine was regarded as the most pure and valuable drink among the ancients. It is used, therefore, to express that which should have been most valued and esteemed among them - to wit, their rulers.

Mixed with water - Diluted, made weak. According to Gesenius, the word rendered "mixed"- מהוּל mâhûl - is from מהל mâhal , the same as מוּל mûl , to circumcise; and hence, by a figure common with the Arabians, to adulterate, or dilute wine. The word does not occur in this sense elsewhere in the Scriptures, but the connection evidently requires it to be so understood. Wine mixed with water is that which is weakened, diluted, rendered comparatively useless. So with the rulers and judges. They had lest the strength and purity of their integrity, by intermingling those things which tended to weaken and destroy their virtue, pride, the love of gifts, and bribes, etc. Divested of the figure, the passage means, that the rulers had become wholly corrupt.

Poole: Isa 1:22 - -- Thou art woefully degenerated from thy former purity. If there be any remainders of religion and justice in thee, they are mixed with many and great...

Thou art woefully degenerated from thy former purity. If there be any remainders of religion and justice in thee, they are mixed with many and great corruptions.

Haydock: Isa 1:22 - -- Water. There is no sincerity in commerce. (Calmet) --- Teachers give false interpretations of the law. (St. Jerome) --- Iniquity abounded before...

Water. There is no sincerity in commerce. (Calmet) ---

Teachers give false interpretations of the law. (St. Jerome) ---

Iniquity abounded before the destruction of Jerusalem by the Chaldeans and Romans. (Worthington)

Gill: Isa 1:22 - -- Thy silver is become dross,.... Meaning either that such persons, who had the appearance of goodness, looked like genuine silver, were now become repr...

Thy silver is become dross,.... Meaning either that such persons, who had the appearance of goodness, looked like genuine silver, were now become reprobate, and, as the wicked of the earth, like dross, Jer 6:30 or that the word of God, which is as silver purified seven times, was now corrupted with false glosses and human traditions, which were as dross:

thy wine mixed with water m; the wine of the divine word, which was mixed and blended with the inventions of men, as before; so the roof of the church's mouth, which is no other than the ministry of the word, is compared to the best wine, Son 7:9.

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Commentary -- Verse Notes / Footnotes

NET Notes: Isa 1:22 The metaphors of silver becoming impure and beer being watered down picture the moral and ethical degeneration that had occurred in Jerusalem.

Geneva Bible: Isa 1:22 Thy ( f ) silver is become dross, thy wine mixed with water: ( f ) Whatever was pure in you before, is now corrupt, though you have an outward show.

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Commentary -- Verse Range Notes

TSK Synopsis: Isa 1:1-31 - --1 Isaiah complains of Judah for her rebellion.5 He laments her judgments.10 He upbraids their whole service.16 He exhorts to repentance, with promises...

MHCC: Isa 1:21-31 - --Neither holy cities nor royal ones are faithful to their trust, if religion does not dwell in them. Dross may shine like silver, and the wine that is ...

Matthew Henry: Isa 1:21-31 - -- Here, I. The woeful degeneracy of Judah and Jerusalem is sadly lamented. See, 1. What the royal city had been, a faithful city, faithful to God and ...

Keil-Delitzsch: Isa 1:22 - -- The complaint now turns from the city generally to the authorities, and first of all figuratively. "Thy silver has become dross, thy drink mutilate...

Constable: Isa 1:1--5:30 - --I. introduction chs. 1--5 The relationship of chapters 1-5 to Isaiah's call in chapter 6 is problematic. Do the ...

Constable: Isa 1:1-31 - --A. Israel's condition and God's solution ch. 1 As chapters 1-5 introduce the whole book, so chapter 1 in...

Constable: Isa 1:21-31 - --4. Israel's response 1:21-31 While God's invitation to repent was genuine (vv. 16-20), the natio...

Constable: Isa 1:21-23 - --The depth of Judah's apostasy 1:21-23 Spiritual rot had penetrated even the capital of I...

Guzik: Isa 1:1-31 - --Isaiah 1 - Indictment and Invitation A. God states His case and offers a cure. 1. (1) Introduction: The vision of Isaiah, son of Amoz. The vision ...

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Introduction / Outline

JFB: Isaiah (Book Introduction) ISAIAH, son of Amoz (not Amos); contemporary of Jonah, Amos, Hosea, in Israel, but younger than they; and of Micah, in Judah. His call to a higher deg...

JFB: Isaiah (Outline) PARABLE OF JEHOVAH'S VINEYARD. (Isa. 5:1-30) SIX DISTINCT WOES AGAINST CRIMES. (Isa. 5:8-23) (Lev 25:13; Mic 2:2). The jubilee restoration of posses...

TSK: Isaiah (Book Introduction) Isaiah has, with singular propriety, been denominated the Evangelical Prophet, on account of the number and variety of his prophecies concerning the a...

TSK: Isaiah 1 (Chapter Introduction) Overview Isa 1:1, Isaiah complains of Judah for her rebellion; Isa 1:5, He laments her judgments; Isa 1:10, He upbraids their whole service; Isa 1...

Poole: Isaiah (Book Introduction) THE ARGUMENT THE teachers of the ancient church were of two sorts: 1. Ordinary, the priests and Levites. 2. Extraordinary, the prophets. These we...

Poole: Isaiah 1 (Chapter Introduction) ISAIAH CHAPTER 1 Judah’ s sins, Isa 1:1-4 ; her judgments, Isa 1:5-9 ; her worship is rejected, Isa 1:10-15 . Exhortations to repentance; prom...

MHCC: Isaiah (Book Introduction) Isaiah prophesied in the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. He has been well called the evangelical prophet, on account of his numerous and...

MHCC: Isaiah 1 (Chapter Introduction) (Isa 1:1-9) The corruptions prevailing among the Jews. (Isa 1:10-15) Severe censures. (Isa 1:16-20) Exhortations to repentance. (Isa 1:21-31) The s...

Matthew Henry: Isaiah (Book Introduction) An Exposition, With Practical Observations, of The Book of the Prophet Isaiah Prophet is a title that sounds very great to those that understand it, t...

Matthew Henry: Isaiah 1 (Chapter Introduction) The first verse of this chapter is intended for a title to the whole book, and it is probable that this was the first sermon that this prophet was ...

Constable: Isaiah (Book Introduction) Introduction Title and writer The title of this book of the Bible, as is true of the o...

Constable: Isaiah (Outline) Outline I. Introduction chs. 1-5 A. Israel's condition and God's solution ch. 1 ...

Constable: Isaiah Isaiah Bibliography Alexander, Joseph Addison. Commentary on the Prophecies of Isaiah. 1846, 1847. Revised ed. ...

Haydock: Isaiah (Book Introduction) THE PROPHECY OF ISAIAS. INTRODUCTION. This inspired writer is called by the Holy Ghost, (Ecclesiasticus xlviii. 25.) the great prophet; from t...

Gill: Isaiah (Book Introduction) INTRODUCTION TO ISAIAH This book is called, in the New Testament, sometimes "the Book of the Words of the Prophet Esaias", Luk 3:4 sometimes only t...

Gill: Isaiah 1 (Chapter Introduction) INTRODUCTION TO ISAIAH 1 This chapter, after the inscription, contains a charge of aggravated sin against the Jews; God's rejection of their ceremo...

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