Text -- Psalms 55:1-13 (NET)

Psalm 55

55:1 For the music director, to be accompanied by stringed instruments; a well-written song by David. Listen, O God, to my prayer! Do not ignore my appeal for mercy! 55:2 Pay attention to me and answer me! I am so upset and distressed, I am beside myself, 55:3 because of what the enemy says, and because of how the wicked pressure me, for they hurl trouble down upon me and angrily attack me. 55:4 My heart beats violently within me; the horrors of death overcome me. 55:5 Fear and panic overpower me; terror overwhelms me. 55:6 I say, “I wish I had wings like a dove! I would fly away and settle in a safe place! 55:7 Look, I will escape to a distant place; I will stay in the wilderness. (Selah) 55:8 I will hurry off to a place that is safe from the strong wind and the gale.” 55:9 Confuse them, O Lord! Frustrate their plans! For I see violence and conflict in the city. 55:10 Day and night they walk around on its walls, while wickedness and destruction are within it. 55:11 Disaster is within it; violence and deceit do not depart from its public square. 55:12 Indeed, it is not an enemy who insults me, or else I could bear it; it is not one who hates me who arrogantly taunts me, or else I could hide from him. 55:13 But it is you, a man like me, my close friend in whom I confided.

Commentary -- Verse Notes / Footnotes

NET Notes: Psa 55:1

¹ sn Psalm 55. The suffering and oppressed author laments that one of his friends has betrayed him, but he is confident that God will vindicate him by punishing his deceitful enemies.

² tn The meaning of the Hebrew term מַשְׂכִּיל (maskil) is uncertain. See the note on the phrase “well-written song” in the superscription of Ps 52.

³ tn Heb “hide yourself from.”

NET Notes: Psa 55:2

¹ tn Or “restless” (see Gen 27:40). The Hiphil is intransitive-exhibitive, indicating the outward display of an inner attitude.

² tn Heb “in my complaint.”

³ tn The verb is a Hiphil cohortative from הוּם (hum), which means “to confuse someone” in the Qal and “to go wild” in the Niphal. An Arabic cognate means “to be out of one’s senses, to wander about.” With the vav (ו) conjunctive prefixed to it, the cohortative probably indicates the result or effect of the preceding main verb. Some prefer to emend the form to וְאֵהוֹמָה (vÿ’ehomah), a Niphal of הוּם (hum), or to וְאֶהַמֶה (vÿ’ehameh), a Qal imperfect from הָמָה (hamah, “to moan”). Many also prefer to take this verb with what follows (see v. 3).

NET Notes: Psa 55:3

¹ tn Heb “because of [the] voice of [the] enemy.”

² tn The singular forms “enemy” and “wicked” are collective or representative, as the plural verb forms in the second half of the verse indicate.

³ tn Heb “from before the pressure of the wicked.” Some suggest the meaning “screech” (note the parallel “voice”; cf. NEB “shrill clamour”; NRSV “clamor”) for the rare noun עָקָה (’aqah, “pressure”).

⁴ tn Heb “wickedness,” but here the term refers to the destructive effects of their wicked acts.

⁵ tc The verb form in the MT appears to be a Hiphil imperfect from the root מוֹט (mot, “to sway”), but the Hiphil occurs only here and in the Kethib (consonantal text) of Ps 140:10, where the form יַמְטֵר (yamter, “let him rain down”) should probably be read. Here in Ps 55:3 it is preferable to read יַמְטִירוּ (yamtiru, “they rain down”). It is odd for “rain down” to be used with an abstract object like “wickedness,” but in Job 20:23 God “rains down” anger (unless one emends the text there; see BHS).

NET Notes: Psa 55:4

¹ tn Heb “shakes, trembles.”

² tn Heb “the terrors of death have fallen on me.”

NET Notes: Psa 55:5

¹ tn Heb “fear and trembling enter into me.”

² tn Heb “covers.” The prefixed verbal form with vav (ו) consecutive carries on the descriptive (present progressive) force of the preceding imperfect.

NET Notes: Psa 55:6

¹ tn The prefixed verbal form with vav (ו) consecutive carries on the descriptive (present progressive) force of the verbs in v. 5.

NET Notes: Psa 55:8

¹ tn Heb “[the] wind [that] sweeps away.” The verb סָעָה (sa’ah, “sweep away”) occurs only here in the OT (see H. R. Cohen, Biblical Hapax Legomena [SBLDS], 120).

NET Notes: Psa 55:9

¹ tn Traditionally בַּלַּע (bala’) has been taken to mean “swallow” in the sense of “devour” or “destroy” (cf. KJV), but this may be a homonym meaning “confuse” (see BDB 118 s.v. בַּלַּע; HALOT 135 s.v. III *בֶּלַע). “Their tongue” is the understood object of the verb (see the next line).

² tn Heb “split their tongue,” which apparently means “confuse their speech,” or, more paraphrastically, “frustrate the plans they devise with their tongues.”

NET Notes: Psa 55:10

¹ tn Heb “day and night they surround it, upon its walls.” Personified “violence and conflict” are the likely subjects. They are compared to watchmen on the city’s walls.

² sn Wickedness and destruction. These terms are also closely associated in Ps 7:14.

NET Notes: Psa 55:11

¹ tn Or “injury, harm.”

NET Notes: Psa 55:12

¹ tn Or “for.”

² tn Heb “[who] magnifies against me.” See Pss 35:26; 38:16.

NET Notes: Psa 55:13

¹ sn It is you. The psalmist addresses the apparent ringleader of the opposition, an individual who was once his friend.

² tn Heb “a man according to my value,” i.e., “a person such as I.”

³ tn Heb “my close friend, one known by me.”