1 Chronicles 18:3

18:3 David defeated King Hadadezer of Zobah as far as Hamath, when he went to extend his authority ¹  to the Euphrates River. ² 

1 Chronicles 18:5

18:5 The Arameans of Damascus came to help King Hadadezer of Zobah, but David killed 22,000 of the Arameans.

1 Chronicles 18:9

18:9 When King Tou ³  of Hamath heard that David had defeated the entire army of King Hadadezer of Zobah,

1 Chronicles 19:6

19:6 When the Ammonites realized that David was disgusted with them, ⁴  Hanun and the Ammonites sent 1,000 talents ⁵  of silver to hire chariots and charioteers from Aram Naharaim, Aram Maacah, and Zobah. ⁶ 

[18:3]  ¹ tn Heb “hand.”

[18:3]  ² tn Heb “when he went to set up his hand at the Euphrates River.” The Hebrew word יָד (yad, “hand”) is usually understood to mean “control” or “dominion” here. However, since יָד does occasionally refer to a monument, perhaps one could translate, “to set up his monument at the Euphrates River” (i.e., as a visible marker of the limits of his dominion). For another example of the Hiphil of נָצַב (natsav) used with יָד (“monument”), see 1 Sam 15:12.

[18:9]  ³ tn The name is spelled “Toi” in the parallel text in 2 Sam 8:9.

[19:6]  ⁵ tn Heb “that they were a stench [i.e., disgusting] with David.”

[19:6]  ⁶ tn The Hebrew word כִּכַּר (kikar, “circle”) refers generally to something that is round. When used of metals it can refer to a disk-shaped weight made of the metal or, by extension, to a standard unit of weight. According to the older (Babylonian) standard the “talent” weighed 130 lbs. (58.9 kg), but later this was lowered to 108.3 lbs. (49.1 kg). More recent research suggests the “light” standard talent was 67.3 lbs. (30.6 kg). Using this as the standard for calculation, the Ammonites hired chariots and charioteers for about 33.7 tons (30,600 kg) of silver.

[19:6]  ⁷ tn The parallel text of 2 Sam 10:6 has “Aram Beth Rehob and Aram Zobah.”