Discovery Box1 Samuel 10:1
Context10:1 Then Samuel took a small container of olive oil and poured it on Saul’s 1 head. Samuel 2 kissed him and said, “The Lord has chosen you 3 to lead his people Israel! You will rule over the Lord’s people and you will deliver them from the power of the enemies who surround them. This will be your sign that the Lord has chosen 4 you as leader over his inheritance. 5
1 Samuel 12:1--13:23
Context12:1 Samuel said to all Israel, “I have done 6 everything you requested. 7 I have given you a king. 8 12:2 Now look! This king walks before you. As for me, I am old and gray, though my sons are here with you. I have walked before you from the time of my youth till the present day. 12:3 Here I am. Bring a charge against me before the Lord and before his chosen king. 9 Whose ox have I taken? Whose donkey have I taken? Whom have I wronged? Whom have I oppressed? From whose hand have I taken a bribe so that I would overlook something? Tell me, 10 and I will return it to you!”
12:4 They replied, “You have not wronged us or oppressed us. You have not taken anything from the hand of anyone.” 12:5 He said to them, “The Lord is witness against you, and his chosen king 11 is witness this day, that you have not found any reason to accuse me.” 12 They said, “He is witness!”
12:6 Samuel said to the people, “The Lord is the one who chose Moses and Aaron and who brought your ancestors 13 up from the land of Egypt. 12:7 Now take your positions, so I may confront you 14 before the Lord regarding all the Lord’s just actions toward you and your ancestors. 15 12:8 When Jacob entered Egypt, your ancestors cried out to the Lord. The Lord sent Moses and Aaron, and they led your ancestors out of Egypt and settled them in this place.
12:9 “But they forgot the Lord their God, so he gave 16 them into the hand of Sisera, the general in command of Hazor’s 17 army, 18 and into the hand of the Philistines and into the hand of the king of Moab, and they fought against them. 12:10 Then they cried out to the Lord and admitted, 19 ‘We have sinned, for we have forsaken the Lord and have served the Baals and the images of Ashtoreth. 20 Now deliver us from the hand of our enemies so that we may serve you.’ 21 12:11 So the Lord sent Jerub-Baal, 22 Barak, 23 Jephthah, and Samuel, 24 and he delivered you from the hand of the enemies all around you, and you were able to live securely.
12:12 “When you saw that King Nahash of the Ammonites was advancing against you, you said to me, ‘No! A king will rule over us’ – even though the Lord your God is your king! 12:13 Now look! Here is the king you have chosen – the one that you asked for! Look, the Lord has given you a king! 12:14 If you fear the Lord, serving him and obeying him 25 and not rebelling against what he says, 26 and if both you and the king who rules over you follow the Lord your God, all will be well. 27 12:15 But if you don’t obey 28 the Lord and rebel against what the Lord says, the hand of the Lord will be against both you and your king. 29
12:16 “So now, take your positions and watch this great thing that the Lord is about to do in your sight. 12:17 Is this not the time of the wheat harvest? I will call on the Lord so that he makes it thunder and rain. Realize and see what a great sin you have committed before the Lord by asking for a king for yourselves.”
12:18 So Samuel called to the Lord, and the Lord made it thunder and rain that day. All the people were very afraid of both the Lord and Samuel. 12:19 All the people said to Samuel, “Pray to the Lord your God on behalf of us – your servants – so we won’t die, for we have added to all our sins by asking for a king.” 30
12:20 Then Samuel said to the people, “Don’t be afraid. You have indeed sinned. 31 However, don’t turn aside from the Lord. Serve the Lord with all your heart. 12:21 You should not turn aside after empty things that can’t profit and can’t deliver, since they are empty. 32 12:22 The Lord will not abandon his people because he wants to uphold his great reputation. 33 The Lord was pleased to make you his own people. 12:23 As far as I am concerned, far be it from me to sin against the Lord by ceasing to pray for you! I will instruct you in the way that is good and upright. 12:24 However, fear the Lord and serve him faithfully with all your heart. Just look at the great things he has done for you! 12:25 But if you continue to do evil, both you and your king will be swept away.”
13:1 Saul was [thirty] 34 years old when he began to reign; he ruled over Israel for [forty] 35 years. 13:2 Saul selected for himself three thousand men from Israel. Two thousand of these were with Saul at Micmash and in the hill country of Bethel; 36 the remaining thousand were with Jonathan at Gibeah in the territory of Benjamin. 37 He sent all the rest of the people back home. 38
13:3 Jonathan attacked the Philistine outpost 39 that was at Geba and the Philistines heard about it. Then Saul alerted 40 all the land saying, “Let the Hebrews pay attention!” 13:4 All Israel heard this message, 41 “Saul has attacked the Philistine outpost, and now Israel is repulsive 42 to the Philistines!” So the people were summoned to join 43 Saul at Gilgal.
13:5 For the battle with Israel the Philistines had amassed 3,000 44 chariots, 6,000 horsemen, and an army as numerous as the sand on the seashore. They went up and camped at Micmash, east of Beth Aven. 13:6 The men of Israel realized they had a problem because their army was hard pressed. So the army hid in caves, thickets, cliffs, strongholds, 45 and cisterns. 13:7 Some of the Hebrews crossed over the Jordan River 46 to the land of Gad and Gilead. But Saul stayed at Gilgal; the entire army that was with him was terrified. 13:8 He waited for seven days, the time period indicated by Samuel. 47 But Samuel did not come to Gilgal, and the army began to abandon Saul. 48
13:9 So Saul said, “Bring me the burnt offering and the peace offerings.” Then he offered a burnt offering. 13:10 Just when he had finished offering the burnt offering, Samuel appeared on the scene. Saul went out to meet him and to greet him. 49
13:11 But Samuel said, “What have you done?” Saul replied, “When I saw that the army had started to abandon me 50 and that you didn’t come at the appointed time and that the Philistines had assembled at Micmash, 13:12 I thought, 51 ‘Now the Philistines will come down on me at Gilgal and I have not sought the Lord’s favor.’ So I felt obligated 52 to offer the burnt offering.”
13:13 Then Samuel said to Saul, “You have made a foolish choice! You have not obeyed 53 the commandment that the Lord your God gave 54 you. Had you done that, the Lord would have established your kingdom over Israel forever! 13:14 But now your kingdom will not continue! The Lord has sought out 55 for himself a man who is loyal to him 56 and the Lord has appointed 57 him to be leader over his people, for you have not obeyed what the Lord commanded you.”
13:15 Then Samuel set out and went up from Gilgal 58 to Gibeah in the territory of Benjamin. 59 Saul mustered the army that remained with him; there were about six hundred men. 13:16 Saul, his son Jonathan, and the army that remained with them stayed in Gibeah in the territory of Benjamin, while the Philistines camped in Micmash. 60 13:17 Raiding bands went out from the camp of the Philistines in three groups. One band turned toward the road leading to Ophrah by the land of Shual; 13:18 another band turned toward the road leading to Beth Horon; and yet another band turned toward the road leading to the border that overlooks the valley of Zeboim in the direction of the desert.
13:19 A blacksmith could not be found in all the land of Israel, for the Philistines had said, “This will prevent the Hebrews from making swords and spears.” 13:20 So all Israel had to go down to the Philistines in order to get their plowshares, cutting instruments, axes, and sickles 61 sharpened. 13:21 They charged 62 two-thirds of a shekel 63 to sharpen plowshares and cutting instruments, and a third of a shekel 64 to sharpen picks and axes, and to set ox goads. 13:22 So on the day of the battle no sword or spear was to be found in the hand of anyone in the army that was with Saul and Jonathan. No one but Saul and his son Jonathan had them.
13:23 A garrison of the Philistines had gone out to the pass at Micmash.
[10:1] 1 tn Heb “his”; the referent (Saul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[10:1] 2 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Samuel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[10:1] 3 tn Heb “Is it not that the
[10:1] 4 tn That is, “anointed.”
[10:1] 5 tc The MT reads simply “Is it not that the
[12:1] 6 tn Heb “Look, I have listened to your voice.”
[12:1] 7 tn Heb “to all which you said to me.”
[12:1] 8 tn Heb “and I have installed a king over you.”
[12:3] 11 tn Heb “anointed [one].”
[12:3] 12 tn The words “tell me” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[12:5] 16 tn Heb “anointed [one].”
[12:5] 17 tn Heb “that you have not found anything in my hand.”
[12:6] 21 tn Heb “fathers” (also in vv. 7, 8).
[12:7] 26 tn Heb “and I will enter into judgment with you” (NRSV similar); NAB “and I shall arraign you.”
[12:7] 27 tn Heb “all the just actions which he has done with you and with your fathers.”
[12:9] 31 tn Heb “sold” (so KJV, NASB, NIV, NRSV); NAB “he allowed them to fall into the clutches of Sisera”; NLT “he let them be conquered by Sisera.”
[12:9] 32 map For location see Map1 D2; Map2 D3; Map3 A2; Map4 C1.
[12:9] 33 tn Heb “captain of the host of Hazor.”
[12:10] 37 tn Heb “the Ashtarot” (plural). The words “images of” are supplied in both vv. 3 and 4 for clarity.
[12:10] 38 tn After the imperative, the prefixed verbal form with the prefixed conjunction indicates purpose/result.
[12:11] 41 sn Jerub-Baal (יְרֻבַּעַל) is also known as Gideon (see Judg 6:32). The Book of Judges uses both names for him.
[12:11] 42 tc The MT has “Bedan” (בְּדָן) here (cf. KJV, NASB, CEV). But a deliverer by this name is not elsewhere mentioned in the OT. The translation follows the LXX and the Syriac Peshitta in reading “Barak.”
[12:11] 43 tc In the ancient versions there is some confusion with regard to these names, both with regard to the particular names selected for mention and with regard to the order in which they are listed. For example, the LXX has “Jerub-Baal, Barak, Jephthah, and Samuel.” But the Targum has “Gideon, Samson, Jephthah, and Samuel,” while the Syriac Peshitta has “Deborah, Barak, Gideon, Jephthah, and Samson.”
[12:14] 46 tn Heb “and you listen to his voice.”
[12:14] 47 tn Heb “the mouth of the
[12:14] 48 tn The words “all will be well” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[12:15] 51 tn Heb “listen to the voice of.”
[12:15] 52 tc The LXX reads “your king” rather than the MT’s “your fathers.” The latter makes little sense here. Some follow MT, but translate “as it was against your fathers.” See P. K. McCarter, 1 Samuel (AB), 212.
[12:19] 56 tn Heb “for we have added to all our sins an evil [thing] by asking for ourselves a king.”
[12:20] 61 tn Heb “you have done all this evil.”
[12:21] 66 tn Or “useless” (so NIV, NRSV, NLT); NAB “nothing”; NASB “futile”; TEV “are not real.”
[12:22] 71 tn Heb “on account of his great name.”
[13:1] 76 tc The MT does not have “thirty.” A number appears to have dropped out of the Hebrew text here, since as it stands the MT (literally, “a son of a year”) must mean that Saul was only one year old when he began to reign! The KJV, attempting to resolve this, reads “Saul reigned one year,” but that is not the normal meaning of the Hebrew text represented by the MT. Although most LXX
[13:1] 77 tc The MT has “two years” here. If this number is to be accepted as correct, the meaning apparently would be that after a lapse of two years at the beginning of Saul’s reign, he then went about the task of consolidating an army as described in what follows (cf. KJV, ASV, CEV). But if the statement in v. 1 is intended to be a comprehensive report on the length of Saul’s reign, the number is too small. According to Acts 13:21 Saul reigned for forty years. Some English versions (e.g., NIV, NCV, NLT), taking this forty to be a round number, add it to the “two years” of the MT and translate the number in 2 Sam 13:1 as “forty-two years.” While this is an acceptable option, the present translation instead replaces the MT’s “two” with the figure “forty.” Admittedly the textual evidence for this decision is weak, but the same can be said of any attempt to restore sense to this difficult text (note the ellipsis marks at this point in NAB, NRSV). The Syriac Peshitta lacks this part of v. 1.
[13:2] 81 map For location see Map4 G4; Map5 C1; Map6 E3; Map7 D1; Map8 G3.
[13:2] 82 tn Heb “at Gibeah of Benjamin.” The words “in the territory” are supplied in the translation for clarity.
[13:2] 83 tn Heb “each one to his tents.”
[13:3] 86 tn Or perhaps “struck down the Philistine official.” See the note at 1 Sam 10:5. Cf. TEV “killed the Philistine commander.”
[13:3] 87 tn Heb “blew the ram’s horn in.”
[13:4] 91 tn The words “this message” are supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[13:4] 92 tn Heb “stinks.” The figurative language indicates that Israel had become repulsive to the Philistines.
[13:4] 93 tn Heb “were summoned after.”
[13:5] 96 tn Many English versions (e.g., KJV, NASB, NRSV, TEV) read “30,000” here.
[13:6] 101 tn Or perhaps “vaults.” This rare term also occurs in Judg 9:46, 49. Cf. KJV “high places”; ASV “coverts”; NAB “caverns”; NASB “cellars”; NIV, NCV, TEV “pits”; NRSV, NLT “tombs.”
[13:7] 106 tn The word “River” is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
[13:8] 111 tn This apparently refers to the instructions given by Samuel in 1 Sam 10:8. If so, several years had passed. On the relationship between chs. 10 and 13, see V. P. Long, The Art of Biblical History (FCI), 201-23.
[13:8] 112 tn Heb “dispersed from upon him”; NAB, NRSV “began to slip away.”
[13:10] 116 tn Heb “to bless him.”
[13:11] 121 tn Heb “dispersed from upon me.”
[13:12] 127 tn Or “I forced myself” (so KJV, NASB, NRSV, CEV); NAB “So in my anxiety I offered”; NIV “I felt compelled.”
[13:13] 132 tn Heb “commanded.”
[13:14] 136 tn This verb form, as well as the one that follows (“appointed”), indicates completed action from the standpoint of the speaker. This does not necessarily mean that the Lord had already conducted his search and made his choice, however. The forms may be used for rhetorical effect to emphasize the certainty of the action. The divine search for a new king is as good as done, emphasizing that the days of Saul’s dynasty are numbered.
[13:14] 137 tn Heb “according to his heart.” The idiomatic expression means to be like-minded with another, as its use in 1 Sam 14:7 indicates.
[13:14] 138 tn Heb “commanded.”
[13:15] 141 tc The LXX and two Old Latin
[13:15] 142 tn Heb “at Gibeah of Benjamin.” The words “in the territory” are supplied in the translation for clarity (likewise in the following verse).
[13:16] 146 tn The juxtaposition of disjunctive clauses in v.16 indicates synchronic action.
[13:20] 151 tc The translation follows the LXX (“their sickle”) here, rather than the MT “plowshares,” which is due to dittography from the word earlier in the verse.
[13:21] 156 tn Heb “the price was.” The meaning of the Hebrew word פְּצִירָה (pÿtsirah) is uncertain. This is the only place it occurs in the OT. Some propose the meaning “sharpening,” but “price” is a more likely meaning if the following term refers to a weight (see the following note on the word “shekel”). See P. K. McCarter, I Samuel (AB), 238.
[13:21] 157 tn This word, which appears only here in the OT, probably refers to a stone weight. Stones marked פִּים (pim) have been found in excavations of Palestinian sites. The average weight of such stones is 0.268 ounces, which is equivalent to about two-thirds of a shekel. This probably refers to the price charged by the Philistines for the services listed. See P. K. McCarter, I Samuel (AB), 238; DNWSI 2:910; and G. I. Davies, Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions, 259.
[13:21] 158 tc Heb “and for a third, a pick.” The Hebrew text suffers from haplography at this point. The translation follows the textual reconstruction offered by P. K. McCarter, I Samuel (AB), 235.
