1 Samuel 17:55

17:55 ¹ Now as Saul watched David going out to fight the Philistine, he asked Abner, the general in command of the army, “Whose son is this young man, Abner?” Abner replied, “As surely as you live, O king, I don’t know.”

1 Samuel 20:30

20:30 Saul became angry with Jonathan ²  and said to him, “You stupid traitor! ³  Don’t I realize that to your own disgrace and to the disgrace of your mother’s nakedness you have chosen this son of Jesse?

1 Samuel 22:22

22:22 Then David said to Abiathar, “I knew that day when Doeg the Edomite was there that he would certainly tell Saul! I am guilty ⁴  of all the deaths in your father’s house!

1 Samuel 29:9

29:9 Achish replied to David, “I am convinced that you are as reliable ⁵  as the angel of God! However, the leaders of the Philistines have said, ‘He must not go up with us in the battle.’

[17:55]  ¹ tc Most LXX mss lack 17:55–18:5.

[20:30]  ² tc Many medieval Hebrew mss include the words “his son” here.

[20:30]  ³ tn Heb “son of a perverse woman of rebelliousness.” But such an overly literal and domesticated translation of the Hebrew expression fails to capture the force of Saul’s unrestrained reaction. Saul, now incensed and enraged over Jonathan’s liaison with David, is actually hurling very coarse and emotionally charged words at his son. The translation of this phrase suggested by Koehler and Baumgartner is “bastard of a wayward woman” (HALOT 796 s.v. עוה), but this is not an expression commonly used in English. A better English approximation of the sentiments expressed here by the Hebrew phrase would be “You stupid son of a bitch!” However, sensitivity to the various public formats in which the Bible is read aloud has led to a less startling English rendering which focuses on the semantic value of Saul’s utterance (i.e., the behavior of his own son Jonathan, which he viewed as both a personal and a political betrayal [= “traitor”]). But this concession should not obscure the fact that Saul is full of bitterness and frustration. That he would address his son Jonathan with such language, not to mention his apparent readiness even to kill his own son over this friendship with David (v. 33), indicates something of the extreme depth of Saul’s jealousy and hatred of David.

[22:22]  ³ tc The translation follows the LXX, which reads “I am guilty,” rather than the MT, which has “I have turned.”

[29:9]  ⁴ tn Heb “I know that you are good in my eyes.”