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Acts 27:9-44

Context

Caught in a Violent Storm

27:9 Since considerable time had passed and the voyage was now dangerous¹ because the fast² was already over,³ Paul advised them,⁴ 27:10 “Men, I can see the voyage is going to end⁵ in disaster⁶ and great loss not only of the cargo and the ship, but also of our lives.”⁷ 27:11 But the centurion⁸ was more convinced⁹ by the captain¹⁰ and the ship’s owner than by what Paul said.¹¹ 27:12 Because the harbor was not suitable to spend the winter in, the majority decided¹² to put out to sea¹³ from there. They hoped that¹⁴ somehow they could reach¹⁵ Phoenix,¹⁶ a harbor of Crete facing¹⁷ southwest and northwest, and spend the winter there. 27:13 When a gentle south wind sprang up, they thought¹⁸ they could carry out¹⁹ their purpose, so they weighed anchor²⁰ and sailed close along the coast²¹ of Crete. 27:14 Not long after this, a hurricane-force²² wind called the northeaster²³ blew down from the island.²⁴ 27:15 When the ship was caught in it²⁵ and could not head into²⁶ the wind, we gave way to it and were driven²⁷ along. 27:16 As we ran under the lee of²⁸ a small island called Cauda,²⁹ we were able with difficulty to get the ship’s boat³⁰ under control. 27:17 After the crew³¹ had hoisted it aboard,³² they used supports³³ to undergird the ship. Fearing they would run aground³⁴ on the Syrtis,³⁵ they lowered the sea anchor,³⁶ thus letting themselves be driven along. 27:18 The next day, because we were violently battered by the storm,³⁷ they began throwing the cargo overboard,³⁸ 27:19 and on the third day they threw the ship’s gear³⁹ overboard with their own hands. 27:20 When neither sun nor stars appeared for many days and a violent⁴⁰ storm continued to batter us,⁴¹ we finally abandoned all hope of being saved.⁴²

27:21 Since many of them had no desire to eat,⁴³ Paul⁴⁴ stood up⁴⁵ among them and said, “Men, you should have listened to me⁴⁶ and not put out to sea⁴⁷ from Crete, thus avoiding⁴⁸ this damage and loss. 27:22 And now I advise⁴⁹ you to keep up your courage, for there will be no loss of life among you, but only the ship will be lost.⁵⁰ 27:23 For last night an angel of the God to whom I belong⁵¹ and whom I serve⁵² came to me⁵³ 27:24 and said,⁵⁴ ‘Do not be afraid, Paul! You must stand before⁵⁵ Caesar,⁵⁶ and God has graciously granted you the safety⁵⁷ of all who are sailing with you.’ 27:25 Therefore keep up your courage, men, for I have faith in God⁵⁸ that it will be just as I have been told. 27:26 But we must⁵⁹ run aground on some island.”

27:27 When the fourteenth night had come, while we were being driven⁶⁰ across the Adriatic Sea,⁶¹ about midnight the sailors suspected they were approaching some land.⁶² 27:28 They took soundings⁶³ and found the water was twenty fathoms⁶⁴ deep; when they had sailed a little farther⁶⁵ they took soundings again and found it was fifteen fathoms⁶⁶ deep. 27:29 Because they were afraid⁶⁷ that we would run aground on the rocky coast,⁶⁸ they threw out⁶⁹ four anchors from the stern and wished⁷⁰ for day to appear.⁷¹ 27:30 Then when the sailors tried to escape from the ship and were lowering the ship’s boat into the sea, pretending⁷² that they were going to put out anchors from the bow, 27:31 Paul said to the centurion⁷³ and the soldiers, “Unless these men stay with the ship, you⁷⁴ cannot be saved.” 27:32 Then the soldiers cut the ropes⁷⁵ of the ship’s boat and let it drift away.⁷⁶

27:33 As day was about to dawn,⁷⁷ Paul urged them all to take some food, saying, “Today is the fourteenth day you have been in suspense⁷⁸ and have gone⁷⁹ without food; you have eaten nothing.⁸⁰ 27:34 Therefore I urge you to take some food, for this is important⁸¹ for your survival.⁸² For not one of you will lose a hair from his head.” 27:35 After he said this, Paul⁸³ took bread⁸⁴ and gave thanks to God in front of them all,⁸⁵ broke⁸⁶ it, and began to eat. 27:36 So all of them were encouraged and took food themselves. 27:37 (We were in all two hundred seventy-six⁸⁷ persons on the ship.)⁸⁸ 27:38 When they had eaten enough to be satisfied,⁸⁹ they lightened the ship by throwing the wheat⁹⁰ into the sea.

Paul is Shipwrecked

27:39 When day came, they did not recognize the land, but they noticed⁹¹ a bay⁹² with a beach,⁹³ where they decided to run the ship aground if they could. 27:40 So they slipped⁹⁴ the anchors⁹⁵ and left them in the sea, at the same time loosening the linkage⁹⁶ that bound the steering oars⁹⁷ together. Then they hoisted⁹⁸ the foresail⁹⁹ to the wind and steered toward¹⁰⁰ the beach. 27:41 But they encountered a patch of crosscurrents¹⁰¹ and ran the ship aground; the bow stuck fast and could not be moved, but the stern was being broken up by the force¹⁰² of the waves. 27:42 Now the soldiers’ plan was to kill the prisoners¹⁰³ so that none of them would escape by swimming away.¹⁰⁴ 27:43 But the centurion,¹⁰⁵ wanting to save Paul’s life,¹⁰⁶ prevented them from carrying out their plan. He ordered those who could swim to jump overboard first and get to land,¹⁰⁷ 27:44 and the rest were to follow,¹⁰⁸ some on planks¹⁰⁹ and some on pieces of the ship.¹¹⁰ And in this way¹¹¹ all were brought safely to land.

[27:9] ¹tn Or “unsafe” (BDAG 383 s.v. ἐπισφαλής). The term is a NT hapax legomenon.

[27:9] ²sn The fast refers to the Jewish Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur. It was now into October and the dangerous winter winds would soon occur (Suetonius, Life of Claudius 18; Josephus, J. W. 1.14.2-3 [1.279-281]).

[27:9] ³tn The accusative articular infinitive παρεληλυθέναι (parelhluqenai) after the preposition διά (dia) is causal. BDAG 776 s.v. παρέρχομαι 2 has “διὰ τὸ τὴν νηστείαν ἤδη παρεληλυθέναι because the fast was already over Ac 27:9.”

[27:9] ⁴tn Grk “Paul advised, saying to them.” The participle λέγων (legwn) is redundant in English and has not been translated. On the term translated “advised,” see BDAG 764 s.v. παραινέω, which usually refers to recommendations.

[27:10] ⁵tn Grk “is going to be with disaster.”

[27:10] ⁶tn Or “hardship,” “damage.” BDAG 1022 s.v. ὕβρις 3 states, “fig. hardship, disaster, damage caused by the elements…w. ζημία Ac 27:10.”

[27:10] ⁷tn Grk “souls” (here, one’s physical life).

[27:11] ⁸sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[27:11] ⁹tn Or “persuaded.”

[27:11] ¹⁰tn BDAG 456 s.v. κυβερνήτης 1 has “one who is responsible for the management of a ship, shipmaster…W. ναύκληρος, the ‘shipowner’…Ac 27:11” See further L. Casson, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, 316-18.

[27:11] ¹¹tn Grk “than by what was said by Paul.” The passive construction has been converted to an active one to simplify the translation.

[27:12] ¹²tn BDAG 181-82 s.v. βουλή 2.a, “β. τίθεσθαι (Judg 19:30; Ps 12:3) decide 27:12 (w. inf. foll.).”

[27:12] ¹³tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”

[27:12] ¹⁴tn Grk “from there, if somehow” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was begun here in the translation and the introductory phrase “They hoped that” supplied (with the subject, “they,” repeated from the previous clause) to make a complete English sentence.

[27:12] ¹⁵tn Grk “if somehow, reaching Phoenix, they could…” The participle καταντήσαντες (katanthsante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:12] ¹⁶sn Phoenix was a seaport on the southern coast of the island of Crete. This was about 30 mi (48 km) further west.

[27:12] ¹⁷tn Or “a harbor of Crete open to the southwest and northwest.”

[27:13] ¹⁸tn Grk “thinking.” The participle δόξαντες (doxante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:13] ¹⁹tn Or “accomplish.” L&N 68.29, for κρατέω, has “to be able to complete or finish, presumably despite difficulties – ‘to accomplish, to do successfully, to carry out.’ …‘thinking that they could carry out their purpose’ Ac 27:13.”

[27:13] ²⁰tn Or “departed.”

[27:13] ²¹tn L&N 54.8, “παραλέγομαι: (a technical, nautical term) to sail along beside some object – ‘to sail along the coast, to sail along the shore.’…‘they sailed along the coast of Crete’ Ac 27:13.” With the addition of the adverb ἆσσον (asson) this becomes “sailed close along the coast of Crete.”

[27:14] ²²tn Grk “a wind like a typhoon.” That is, a very violent wind like a typhoon or hurricane (BDAG 1021 s.v. τυφωνικός).

[27:14] ²³sn Or called Euraquilo (the actual name of the wind, a sailor’s term which was a combination of Greek and Latin). According to Strabo (Geography 1.2.21), this was a violent northern wind.

[27:14] ²⁴tn Grk “from it”; the referent (the island) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[27:15] ²⁵tn Or “was forced off course.” Grk “The ship being caught in it.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle συναρπασθέντος (sunarpasqento") has been taken temporally; it could also be translated as causal (“Because the ship was caught in it”).

[27:15] ²⁶tn BDAG 91 s.v. ἀντοφθαλμέω states, “Metaph. of a ship τοῦ πλοίου μὴ δυναμένοι ἀ. τῷ ἀνέμῳ since the ship was not able to face the wind, i.e. with its bow headed against the forces of the waves Ac 27:15.”

[27:15] ²⁷sn Caught in the violent wind, the ship was driven along. They were now out of control, at the mercy of the wind and sea.

[27:16] ²⁸tn BDAG 1042 s.v. ὑποτρέχω states, “run or sail under the lee of, nautical t.t.…Ac 27:16.” The participle ὑποδραμόντες (Jupodramonte") has been taken temporally (“as we ran under the lee of”). While this could also be translated as a participle of means (“by running…”) this might suggest the ship was still under a greater degree of control by its crew than it probably was.

[27:16] ²⁹sn Cauda. This island was located south of Crete, about 23 mi (36 km) from where they began. There are various ways to spell the island’s name (e.g., Clauda, BDAG 546 s.v. Κλαῦδα).

[27:16] ³⁰sn The ship’s boat was a small rowboat, normally towed behind a ship in good weather rather than stowed on board. It was used for landings, to maneuver the ship for tacking, and to lay anchors (not a lifeboat in the modern sense, although it could have served as a means of escape for some of the sailors; see v. 30). See L. Casson, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, 248f.

[27:17] ³¹tn Grk “After hoisting it up, they…”; the referent (the ship’s crew) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[27:17] ³²tn The participle ἄραντες (arantes) has been taken temporally.

[27:17] ³³tn Possibly “ropes” or “cables”; Grk “helps” (a word of uncertain meaning; probably a nautical technical term, BDAG 180 s.v. βοήθεια 2).

[27:17] ³⁴tn BDAG 308 s.v. ἐκπίπτω 2 states, “drift off course, run aground, nautical term εἴς τι on someth….on the Syrtis 27:17.”

[27:17] ³⁵tn That is, on the sandbars and shallows of the Syrtis.

[27:17] ³⁶tn Or perhaps “mainsail.” The meaning of this word is uncertain. BDAG 927 s.v. σκεῦος 1 has “τὸ σκεῦος Ac 27:17 seems to be the kedge or driving anchor” while C. Maurer (TDNT 7:362) notes, “The meaning in Ac. 27:17: χαλάσαντες τὸ σκεῦος, is uncertain. Prob. the ref. is not so much to taking down the sails as to throwing the draganchor overboard to lessen the speed of the ship.” In spite of this L&N 6.1 states, “In Ac 27:17, for example, the reference of σκεῦος is generally understood to be the mainsail.” A reference to the sail is highly unlikely because in a storm of the force described in Ac 27:14, the sail would have been taken down and reefed immediately, to prevent its being ripped to shreds or torn away by the gale.

[27:18] ³⁷tn BDAG 980 s.v. σφόδρῶς states, “very much, greatly, violently…σφ. χειμάζεσθαι be violently beaten by a storm Ac 27:18.”

[27:18] ³⁸tn Or “jettisoning [the cargo]” (a nautical technical term). The words “the cargo” are not in the Greek text but are implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[27:19] ³⁹tn Or “rigging,” “tackle”; Grk “the ship’s things.” Here the more abstract “gear” is preferred to “rigging” or “tackle” as a translation for σκεῦος (skeuos) because in v. 40 the sailors are still able to raise the (fore)sail, which they could not have done if the ship’s rigging or tackle had been jettisoned here.

[27:20] ⁴⁰tn Grk “no small storm” = a very great storm.

[27:20] ⁴¹tn Grk “no small storm pressing on us.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle ἐπικειμένου (epikeimenou) has been translated as parallel to the previous genitive absolute construction (which was translated as temporal). BDAG 373 s.v. ἐπίκειμαι 2.b states, “of impersonal force confront χειμῶνος ἐπικειμένου since a storm lay upon us Ac 27:20.” L&N 14.2, “‘the stormy weather did not abate in the least’ or ‘the violent storm continued’ Ac 27:20.” To this last was added the idea of “battering” from the notion of “pressing upon” inherent in ἐπίκειμαι (epikeimai).

[27:20] ⁴²tn Grk “finally all hope that we would be saved was abandoned.” The passive construction has been converted to an active one to simplify the translation. This represents a clearly secular use of the term σῴζω (swzw) in that it refers to deliverance from the storm. At this point those on board the ship gave up hope of survival.

[27:21] ⁴³tn Or “Since they had no desire to eat for a long time.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle ὑπαρχούσης (Juparcoush") has been translated as a causal adverbial participle. It could also be translated temporally (“When many of them had no desire to eat”). The translation of πολλῆς (pollhs) as a substantized adjective referring to the people on board the ship (“many of them”) rather than a period of time (“for a long time”; so most modern versions) follows BDAG 143 s.v. ἀσιτία, which has “πολλῆς ἀ. ὑπαρχούσης since almost nobody wanted to eat because of anxiety or seasickness…Ac 27:21.” This detail indicates how turbulent things were on board the ship.

[27:21] ⁴⁴tn Here τότε (tote) is redundant (pleonastic) according to BDAG 1012-13 s.v. τότε 2; thus it has not been translated.

[27:21] ⁴⁵tn Grk “standing up…said.” The participle σταθείς (staqeis) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:21] ⁴⁶tn L&N 36.12 has “πειθαρχήσαντάς μοι μὴ ἀνάγεσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς Κρήτης ‘you should have listened to me and not have sailed from Crete’ Ac 27:21.”

[27:21] ⁴⁷tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”

[27:21] ⁴⁸tn The infinitive κερδῆσαι (kerdhsai) has been translated as resultative.

[27:22] ⁴⁹tn The same verb is used for Paul’s original recommendation in Ac 27:9.

[27:22] ⁵⁰tn Grk “except the ship.” Here “but” is used to translate the improper preposition πλήν (plhn; see BDAG 826 s.v. πλήν 2) since an exception like this, where two different categories of objects are involved (people and a ship), is more naturally expressed in contemporary English with an adversative (“but”). The words “will be lost” are also supplied for clarity.

[27:23] ⁵¹tn Grk “of whom I am.” The relative clause with its possessive was translated following L&N 15.86 s.v. παρίσταμαι.

[27:23] ⁵²tn Or “worship.”

[27:23] ⁵³tn Or “stood by me.” BDAG 778 s.v. παρίστημι/παριστάνω 2.a.α states, “approach, come τινί (to) someone…Ac 9:39; 27:23.”

[27:24] ⁵⁴tn Grk “came to me saying.” The participle λέγων (legwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:24] ⁵⁵tn BDAG 778 s.v. παρίστημι/παριστάνω 2.a.α states, “Also as a t.t. of legal usage appear before, come before…Καίσαρι σε δεῖ παραστῆναι you must stand before the Emperor (as judge) Ac 27:24.” See Acts 23:11. Luke uses the verb δεῖ (dei) to describe what must occur.

[27:24] ⁵⁶tn Or “before the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).

[27:24] ⁵⁷tn Grk “God has graciously granted you all who are sailing with you.” The words “the safety of” have been supplied to clarify the meaning of the verb κεχάρισται (kecaristai) in this context.

[27:25] ⁵⁸tn BDAG 817 s.v. πιστεύω 1.c states, “w. pers. and thing added π. τινί τι believe someone with regard to someth….W. dat. of pers. and ὅτι foll…. πιστεύετέ μοι ὅτι ἐγὼ ἐν τῷ πατρί J 14:11a. Cp. 4:21; Ac 27:25.”

[27:26] ⁵⁹tn This is another use of δεῖ (dei) to indicate necessity (see also v. 24). Acts 28:1 shows the fulfillment of this.

[27:27] ⁶⁰tn Here “being driven” has been used to translate διαφέρω (diaferw) rather than “drifting,” because it is clear from the attempt to drop anchors in v. 29 that the ship is still being driven by the gale. “Drifting” implies lack of control, but not necessarily rapid movement.

[27:27] ⁶¹sn The Adriatic Sea. They were now somewhere between Crete and Malta.

[27:27] ⁶²tn Grk “suspected that some land was approaching them.” BDAG 876 s.v. προσάγω 2.a states, “lit. ὑπενόουν προσάγειν τινά αὐτοῖς χώραν they suspected that land was near (lit. ‘approaching them’) Ac 27:27.” Current English idiom would speak of the ship approaching land rather than land approaching the ship.

[27:28] ⁶³tn Grk “Heaving the lead, they found.” The participle βολίσαντες (bolisante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. See also BDAG 180 s.v. βολίζω. Although the term is used twice in this verse (and thus is technically not a NT hapax legomenon), it occurs nowhere else in the NT.

[27:28] ⁶⁴sn A fathom is about 6 feet or just under 2 meters (originally the length of a man’s outstretched arms). This was a nautical technical term for measuring the depth of water. Here it was about 120 ft (36 m).

[27:28] ⁶⁵tn L&N 15.12, “βραχὺ δὲ διαστήσαντες ‘when they had gone a little farther’ Ac 27:28.”

[27:28] ⁶⁶sn Here the depth was about 90 ft (27 m).

[27:29] ⁶⁷tn Grk “fearing.” The participle φοβούμενοι (foboumenoi) has been translated as a causal adverbial participle.

[27:29] ⁶⁸tn Grk “against a rough [rocky] place.” L&N 79.84 has “φοβούμενοί τε μή που κατὰ τραχεῖς τόποις ἐκπέσωμεν ‘we were afraid that we would run aground on the rocky coast’ Ac 27:29.”

[27:29] ⁶⁹tn Grk “throwing out…they.” The participle ῥίψαντες (rJiyante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:29] ⁷⁰tn BDAG 417 s.v. εὔχομαι 2 states, “wish…τὶ for someth.…Foll. by acc. and inf….Ac 27:29.” The other possible meaning for this term, “pray,” is given in BDAG 417 s.v. 1 and employed by a number of translations (NAB, NRSV, NIV). If this meaning is adopted here, then “prayed for day to come” must be understood metaphorically to mean “prayed that they would live to see the day,” or “prayed that it would soon be day.”

[27:29] ⁷¹tn Grk “and wished for day to come about.”

[27:30] ⁷²tn BDAG 889 s.v. πρόφασις 2 states, “προφάσει ὡς under the pretext that, pretending that…Ac 27:30.” In other words, some of the sailors gave up hope that such efforts would work and instead attempted to escape while pretending to help.

[27:31] ⁷³sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[27:31] ⁷⁴sn The pronoun you is plural in Greek.

[27:32] ⁷⁵sn The soldiers cut the ropes. The centurion and the soldiers were now following Paul’s advice by cutting the ropes to prevent the sailors from escaping.

[27:32] ⁷⁶tn Or “let it fall away.” According to BDAG 308 s.v. ἐκπίπτω 1 and 2 the meaning of the verb in this verse could be either “fall away” or “drift away.” Either meaning is acceptable, and the choice between them depends almost entirely on how one reconstructs the scene. Since cutting the boat loose would in any case result in it drifting away (whether capsized or not), the meaning “drift away” as a nautical technical term has been used here.

[27:33] ⁷⁷tn BDAG 160 s.v. ἄχρι 1.b.α has “ἄ. οὗ ἡμέρα ἤμελλεν γίνεσθαι until the day began to dawn 27:33.”

[27:33] ⁷⁸tn Or “have waited anxiously.” Grk “waiting anxiously.” The participle προσδοκῶντες (prosdokwnte") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:33] ⁷⁹tn Or “continued.”

[27:33] ⁸⁰tn Grk “having eaten nothing.” The participle προσλαβόμενοι (proslabomenoi) has been translated as a finite verb (with subject “you” supplied) due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:34] ⁸¹tn Or “necessary.” BDAG 873-74 s.v. πρός 1 has “πρ. τῆς σωτηρίας in the interest of safety Ac 27:34”; L&N 27.18 has “‘therefore, I urge you to take some food, for this is important for your deliverance’ or ‘…for your survival’ Ac 27:34.”

[27:34] ⁸²tn Or “deliverance” (‘salvation’ in a nontheological sense).

[27:35] ⁸³tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[27:35] ⁸⁴tn Grk “taking bread, gave thanks.” The participle λαβών (labwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:35] ⁸⁵tn Or “before them all,” but here this could be misunderstood to indicate a temporal sequence.

[27:35] ⁸⁶tn Grk “and breaking it, he began.” The participle κλάσας (klasas) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:37] ⁸⁷tc One early ms (B) and an early version (sa) read “about seventy-six.” For discussion of how this variant probably arose, see F. F. Bruce, The Acts of the Apostles, 465.

[27:37] ⁸⁸sn This is a parenthetical note by the author.

[27:38] ⁸⁹tn Or “When they had eaten their fill.”

[27:38] ⁹⁰tn Or “grain.”

[27:39] ⁹¹tn Or “observed,” “saw.”

[27:39] ⁹²tn Or “gulf” (BDAG 557 s.v. κόλπος 3).

[27:39] ⁹³sn A beach would refer to a smooth sandy beach suitable for landing.

[27:40] ⁹⁴tn That is, released. Grk “slipping…leaving.” The participles περιελόντες (perielonte") and εἴων (eiwn) have been translated as finite verbs due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:40] ⁹⁵tn The term is used of a ship’s anchor. (BDAG 12 s.v. ἄγκυρα a).

[27:40] ⁹⁶tn Grk “bands”; possibly “ropes.”

[27:40] ⁹⁷tn Or “rudders.”

[27:40] ⁹⁸tn Grk “hoisting…they.” The participle ἐπάραντες (eparante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[27:40] ⁹⁹tn Grk “sail”; probably a reference to the foresail.

[27:40] ¹⁰⁰tn BDAG 533 s.v. κατέχω 7 states, “hold course, nautical t.t., intr….κατεῖχον εἰς τὸν αἰγιαλόν they headed for the beach Ac 27:40.”

[27:41] ¹⁰¹tn Grk “fell upon a place of two seas.” The most common explanation for this term is that it refers to a reef or sandbar with the sea on both sides, as noted in BDAG 245 s.v. διθάλασσος: the “τόπος δ. Ac 27:41 is a semantic unit signifying a point (of land jutting out with water on both sides).” However, Greek had terms for a “sandbank” (θῖς [qis], ταινία [tainia]), a “reef” (ἑρμα [Jerma]), “strait” (στενόν [stenon]), “promontory” (ἀρωτήρον [arwthron]), and other nautical hazards, none of which are used by the author here. NEB here translates τόπον διθάλασσον (topon diqalasson) as “cross-currents,” a proposal close to that advanced by J. M. Gilchrist, “The Historicity of Paul’s Shipwreck,” JSNT 61 (1996): 29-51, who suggests the meaning is “a patch of cross-seas,” where the waves are set at an angle to the wind, a particular hazard for sailors. Thus the term most likely refers to some sort of adverse sea conditions rather than a topographical feature like a reef or sandbar.

[27:41] ¹⁰²tn Or “violence” (BDAG 175 s.v. βία a).

[27:42] ¹⁰³sn The soldiers’ plan was to kill the prisoners. The issue here was not cruelty, but that the soldiers would be legally responsible if any prisoners escaped and would suffer punishment themselves. So they were planning to do this as an act of self-preservation. See Acts 16:27 for a similar incident.

[27:42] ¹⁰⁴tn The participle ἐκκολυμβήσας (ekkolumbhsa") has been taken instrumentally.

[27:43] ¹⁰⁵sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[27:43] ¹⁰⁶tn Or “wanting to rescue Paul.”

[27:43] ¹⁰⁷tn BDAG 347 s.v. I. ἔξειμι has “ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν get to land Ac 27:43.”

[27:44] ¹⁰⁸tn The words “were to follow” are not in the Greek text, but are implied. They must be supplied to clarify the sense in contemporary English.

[27:44] ¹⁰⁹tn Or “boards” according to BDAG 913 s.v. σανίς.

[27:44] ¹¹⁰tn Grk “on pieces from the ship”; that is, pieces of wreckage from the ship.

[27:44] ¹¹¹tn Grk “And in this way it happened that.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.