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Acts 14:1

Context

Paul and Barnabas at Iconium

14:1 The same thing happened in Iconium¹ when Paul and Barnabas² went into the Jewish synagogue³ and spoke in such a way that a large group⁴ of both Jews and Greeks believed.

Acts 23:1-35

Context

23:1 Paul looked directly⁵ at the council⁶ and said, “Brothers, I have lived my life with a clear conscience⁷ before God to this day.” 23:2 At that⁸ the high priest Ananias ordered those standing near⁹ Paul¹⁰ to strike¹¹ him on the mouth. 23:3 Then Paul said to him, “God is going to strike you, you whitewashed wall!¹² Do¹³ you sit there judging me according to the law,¹⁴ and in violation of the law¹⁵ you order me to be struck?” 23:4 Those standing near him¹⁶ said, “Do you dare insult¹⁷ God’s high priest?” 23:5 Paul replied,¹⁸ “I did not realize,¹⁹ brothers, that he was the high priest, for it is written, ‘You must not speak evil about a ruler of your people.’”²⁰

23:6 Then when Paul noticed²¹ that part of them were Sadducees²² and the others Pharisees,²³ he shouted out in the council,²⁴ “Brothers, I am a Pharisee, a son of Pharisees. I am on trial concerning the hope of the resurrection²⁵ of the dead!” 23:7 When he said this,²⁶ an argument²⁷ began²⁸ between the Pharisees and the Sadducees, and the assembly was divided. 23:8 (For the Sadducees say there is no resurrection, or angel, or spirit, but the Pharisees acknowledge them all.)²⁹ 23:9 There was a great commotion,³⁰ and some experts in the law³¹ from the party of the Pharisees stood up³² and protested strongly,³³ “We find nothing wrong³⁴ with this man. What if a spirit or an angel has spoken to him?” 23:10 When the argument became³⁵ so great the commanding officer³⁶ feared that they would tear Paul to pieces,³⁷ he ordered the detachment³⁸ to go down, take him away from them by force,³⁹ and bring him into the barracks.⁴⁰

23:11 The following night the Lord⁴¹ stood near⁴² Paul⁴³ and said, “Have courage,⁴⁴ for just as you have testified about me in Jerusalem,⁴⁵ so you must also testify in Rome.”⁴⁶

The Plot to Kill Paul

23:12 When morning came,⁴⁷ the Jews formed⁴⁸ a conspiracy⁴⁹ and bound themselves with an oath⁵⁰ not to eat or drink anything⁵¹ until they had killed Paul. 23:13 There were more than forty of them who formed this conspiracy.⁵² 23:14 They⁵³ went⁵⁴ to the chief priests⁵⁵ and the elders and said, “We have bound ourselves with a solemn oath⁵⁶ not to partake⁵⁷ of anything until we have killed Paul. 23:15 So now you and the council⁵⁸ request the commanding officer⁵⁹ to bring him down to you, as if you were going to determine⁶⁰ his case⁶¹ by conducting a more thorough inquiry.⁶² We are ready to kill him⁶³ before he comes near this place.”⁶⁴

23:16 But when the son of Paul’s sister heard about the ambush,⁶⁵ he came and entered⁶⁶ the barracks⁶⁷ and told Paul. 23:17 Paul called⁶⁸ one of the centurions⁶⁹ and said, “Take this young man to the commanding officer,⁷⁰ for he has something to report to him.” 23:18 So the centurion⁷¹ took him and brought him to the commanding officer⁷² and said, “The prisoner Paul called⁷³ me and asked me to bring this young man to you because he has something to tell you.” 23:19 The commanding officer⁷⁴ took him by the hand, withdrew privately, and asked, “What is it that you want⁷⁵ to report to me?” 23:20 He replied,⁷⁶ “The Jews have agreed to ask you to bring Paul down to the council⁷⁷ tomorrow, as if they were going to inquire more thoroughly about him. 23:21 So do not let them persuade you to do this,⁷⁸ because more than forty of them⁷⁹ are lying in ambush⁸⁰ for him. They⁸¹ have bound themselves with an oath⁸² not to eat or drink anything⁸³ until they have killed him, and now they are ready, waiting for you to agree to their request.”⁸⁴ 23:22 Then the commanding officer⁸⁵ sent the young man away, directing him,⁸⁶ “Tell no one that you have reported⁸⁷ these things to me.” 23:23 Then⁸⁸ he summoned⁸⁹ two of the centurions⁹⁰ and said, “Make ready two hundred soldiers to go to Caesarea⁹¹ along with seventy horsemen⁹² and two hundred spearmen⁹³ by⁹⁴ nine o’clock tonight,⁹⁵ 23:24 and provide mounts for Paul to ride⁹⁶ so that he may be brought safely to Felix⁹⁷ the governor.”⁹⁸ 23:25 He wrote⁹⁹ a letter that went like this:¹⁰⁰

23:26 Claudius Lysias to His Excellency Governor¹⁰¹ Felix,¹⁰² greetings. 23:27 This man was seized¹⁰³ by the Jews and they were about to kill him,¹⁰⁴ when I came up¹⁰⁵ with the detachment¹⁰⁶ and rescued him, because I had learned that he was¹⁰⁷ a Roman citizen.¹⁰⁸ 23:28 Since I wanted to know¹⁰⁹ what charge they were accusing him of,¹¹⁰ I brought him down to their council.¹¹¹ 23:29 I found he¹¹² was accused with reference to controversial questions¹¹³ about their law, but no charge against him deserved death or imprisonment.¹¹⁴ 23:30 When I was informed¹¹⁵ there would be a plot¹¹⁶ against this man, I sent him to you at once, also ordering his accusers to state their charges¹¹⁷ against him before you.

23:31 So the soldiers, in accordance with their orders,¹¹⁸ took¹¹⁹ Paul and brought him to Antipatris¹²⁰ during the night. 23:32 The next day they let¹²¹ the horsemen¹²² go on with him, and they returned to the barracks.¹²³ 23:33 When the horsemen¹²⁴ came to Caesarea¹²⁵ and delivered the letter to the governor, they also presented¹²⁶ Paul to him. 23:34 When the governor¹²⁷ had read¹²⁸ the letter,¹²⁹ he asked¹³⁰ what province he was from.¹³¹ When he learned¹³² that he was from Cilicia,¹³³ 23:35 he said, “I will give you a hearing¹³⁴ when your accusers arrive too.” Then¹³⁵ he ordered that Paul¹³⁶ be kept under guard in Herod’s palace.¹³⁷

[14:1] ¹sn Iconium. See the note in 13:51.

[14:1] ²tn Grk “they”; the referents (Paul and Barnabas) have been specified in the translation for clarity.

[14:1] ³sn See the note on synagogue in 6:9.

[14:1] ⁴tn Or “that a large crowd.”

[23:1] ⁵tn Grk “Paul, looking directly at the council, said.” The participle ἀτενίσας (atenisa") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:1] ⁶tn Grk “the Sanhedrin” (the Sanhedrin was the highest legal, legislative, and judicial body among the Jews).

[23:1] ⁷tn BDAG 846 s.v. πολιτεύομαι 3 has “W. a double dat. συνειδήσει ἀγαθῇ πεπολίτευμαι τῷ θεῷ I have lived my life with a clear conscience before God Ac 23:1.”

[23:2] ⁹tn Grk “and” (δέ, de); the phrase “at that” has been used in the translation to clarify the cause and effect relationship.

[23:2] ¹⁰tn BDAG 778 s.v. παρίστημι/παριστάνω 2.b.α has “οἱ παρεστῶτες αὐτῷ those standing near him Ac 23:2.”

[23:2] ¹¹tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[23:2] ¹²tn Or “hit” (‘strike’ maintains the wordplay with the following verse). The action was probably designed to indicate a rejection of Paul’s claim to a clear conscience in the previous verse.

[23:3] ¹³sn You whitewashed wall. This was an idiom for hypocrisy – just as the wall was painted on the outside but something different on the inside, so this person was not what he appeared or pretended to be (L&N 88.234; see also BDAG 1010 s.v. τοῖχος). Paul was claiming that the man’s response was two-faced (Ezek 13:10-16; Matt 23:27-28). See also Deut 28:22.

[23:3] ¹⁴tn Grk “And do.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.

[23:3] ¹⁵tn The law refers to the law of Moses.

[23:3] ¹⁶tn BDAG 769 s.v. παρανομέω has “παρανομῶν κελεύεις in violation of the law you order Ac 23:3.”

[23:4] ¹⁷tn The word “him” is not in the Greek text but is implied.

[23:4] ¹⁸tn L&N 33.393 has for λοιδορέω (loidorew) “to speak in a highly insulting manner – ‘to slander, to insult strongly, slander, insult.’”

[23:5] ²¹tn Grk “said.”

[23:5] ²²tn Or “know.”

[23:5] ²³sn A quotation from Exod 22:28. This text defines a form of blasphemy. Paul, aware of the fact that he came close to crossing the line, backed off out of respect for the law.

[23:6] ²⁵tn BDAG 200 s.v. γινώσκω 4 has “to be aware of someth., perceive, notice, realize”; this is further clarified by section 4.c: “w. ὅτι foll….Ac 23:6.”

[23:6] ²⁶sn See the note on Sadducees in 4:1.

[23:6] ²⁷sn See the note on Pharisee in 5:34.

[23:6] ²⁸tn Grk “the Sanhedrin” (the Sanhedrin was the highest legal, legislative, and judicial body among the Jews).

[23:6] ²⁹tn That is, concerning the hope that the dead will be resurrected. Grk “concerning the hope and resurrection.” BDAG 320 s.v. ἐλπίς 1.b.α states, “Of Israel’s messianic hope Ac 23:6 (ἐ. καὶ ἀνάστασις for ἐ. τῆς ἀν. [obj. gen] as 2 Macc 3:29 ἐ. καὶ σωτηρία).” With an objective genitive construction, the resurrection of the dead would be the “object” of the hope.

[23:7] ²⁹tn The participle εἰπόντος (eiponto") has been translated temporally.

[23:7] ³⁰tn Or “a dispute” (BDAG 940 s.v. στάσις 3).

[23:7] ³¹tn Grk “there came about an argument.” This has been simplified to “an argument began”

[23:8] ³³tn BDAG 55 s.v. ἀμφότεροι 2 has “all, even when more than two are involved…Φαρισαῖοι ὁμολογοῦσιν τὰ ἀ. believe in them all 23:8.” On this belief see Josephus, J. W. 2.8.14 (2.163); Ant. 18.1.3 (18.14).

[23:9] ³⁷tn Or “clamor” (cf. BDAG 565 s.v. κραυγή 1.a, which has “there arose a loud outcry” here, and Exod 12:30).

[23:9] ³⁸tn Or “and some scribes.” See the note on the phrase “experts in the law” in 4:5.

[23:9] ³⁹tn Grk “standing up.” The participle ἀναστάντες (anastante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:9] ⁴⁰tn Grk “protested strongly, saying.” L&N 39.27 has “διαμάχομαι: to fight or contend with, involving severity and thoroughness – ‘to protest strongly, to contend with.’…‘some scribes from the party of the Pharisees protested strongly’ Ac 23:9.” The participle λέγοντες (legontes) is redundant and has not been translated.

[23:9] ⁴¹sn “We find nothing wrong with this man.” Here is another declaration of innocence. These leaders recognized the possibility that Paul might have the right to make his claim.

[23:10] ⁴¹tn This genitive absolute construction with the participle γινομένης (ginomenhs) has been taken temporally (it could also be translated as causal).

[23:10] ⁴²tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). In Greek the term χιλίαρχος (ciliarco") literally described the “commander of a thousand,” but it was used as the standard translation for the Latin tribunus militum or tribunus militare, the military tribune who commanded a cohort of 600 men.

[23:10] ⁴³tn Grk “that Paul would be torn to pieces by them.” BDAG 236 s.v. διασπάω has “of an angry mob μὴ διασπασθῇ ὁ Παῦλος ὑπ᾿ αὐτῶν that Paul would be torn in pieces by them Ac 23:10.” The passive construction is somewhat awkward in English and has been converted to an equivalent active construction in the translation.

[23:10] ⁴⁴tn Normally this term means “army,” but according to BDAG 947 s.v. στράτευμα, “Of a smaller detachment of soldiers, sing. Ac 23:10, 27.” In the plural it can be translated “troops,” but it is singular here.

[23:10] ⁴⁵tn Or “to go down, grab him out of their midst.”

[23:10] ⁴⁶tn Or “the headquarters.” BDAG 775 s.v. παρεμβολή 2 has “barracks/headquarters of the Roman troops in Jerusalem Ac 21:34, 37; 22:24; 23:10, 16, 32.”

[23:11] ⁴⁵sn The presence of the Lord indicated the vindicating presence and direction of God.

[23:11] ⁴⁶tn Grk “standing near Paul, said.” The participle ἐπιστάς (epistas) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:11] ⁴⁷tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[23:11] ⁴⁸tn Or “Do not be afraid.”

[23:11] ⁴⁹map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[23:11] ⁵⁰sn Like Jesus went to Jerusalem, Paul would now go to Rome. This trip forms the concluding backdrop to Acts. This is the second notice about going to Rome (see Acts 19:21 for the first).

[23:12] ⁴⁹tn Grk “when it was day.”

[23:12] ⁵⁰tn Grk “forming a conspiracy, bound.” The participle ποιήσαντες (poihsantes) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:12] ⁵¹tn L&N 30.72 has ‘some Jews formed a conspiracy’ Ac 23:12”; BDAG 979 s.v. συστροφή 1 has “Judeans came together in a mob 23:12. But in the last pass. the word may also mean – 2. the product of a clandestine gathering, plot, conspiracy” (see also Amos 7:10; Ps 63:3).

[23:12] ⁵²tn Or “bound themselves under a curse.” BDAG 63 s.v. ἀναθεματίζω 1 has “trans. put under a curse τινά someone…pleonastically ἀναθέματι ἀ. ἑαυτόν Ac 23:14…ἀ. ἑαυτόν vss. 12, 21, 13 v.l.” On such oaths see m. Shevi’it 3:1-5. The participle λέγοντες (legontes) is redundant in English and has not been translated.

[23:12] ⁵³tn The word “anything” is not in the Greek text, but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[23:13] ⁵³tn L&N 30.73 defines συνωμοσία (sunwmosia) as “a plan for taking secret action someone or some institution, with the implication of an oath binding the conspirators – ‘conspiracy, plot.’ …‘there were more than forty of them who formed this conspiracy’ Ac 23:13.”

[23:14] ⁵⁷tn Grk “who.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was translated by the third person plural pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence begun in the translation.

[23:14] ⁵⁸tn Grk “going.” The participle προσελθόντες (proselqonte") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:14] ⁵⁹sn They went to the chief priests. The fact that the high priest knew of this plot and did nothing shows the Jewish leadership would even become accomplices to murder to stop Paul. They would not allow Roman justice to take its course. Paul’s charge in v. 3 of superficially following the law is thus shown to be true.

[23:14] ⁶⁰tn Or “bound ourselves under a curse.” BDAG 63 s.v. ἀναθεματίζω 1 has “trans. put under a curse τινά someone…pleonastically ἀναθέματι ἀ. ἑαυτόν Ac 23:14…ἀ. ἑαυτόν vss. 12, 21, 13 v.l.” The pleonastic use ἀναθέματι ἀνεθεματίσαμεν (literally “we have cursed ourselves with a curse”) probably serves as an intensifier following Semitic usage, and is represented in the translation by the word “solemn.” On such oaths see m. Nedarim 3:1, 3.

[23:14] ⁶¹tn This included both food and drink (γεύομαι [geuomai] is used of water turned to wine in John 2:9).

[23:15] ⁶¹tn Grk “the Sanhedrin” (the Sanhedrin was the highest legal, legislative, and judicial body among the Jews).

[23:15] ⁶²tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 10.

[23:15] ⁶³tn Or “decide.” BDAG 227 s.v. διαγινώσκω has “ἀκριβέστερον τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ to make a more thorough examination of his case Ac 23:15.”

[23:15] ⁶⁴tn Grk “determine the things about him.”

[23:15] ⁶⁵tn The expression “more thorough inquiry” reflects the comparative form of ἀκριβέστερον (akribesteron).

[23:15] ⁶⁶sn “We are ready to kill him.” Now those Jews involved in the conspiracy, along with the leaders as accomplices, are going to break one of the ten commandments.

[23:15] ⁶⁷tn The words “this place” are not in the Greek text, but are implied.

[23:16] ⁶⁵tn Or “plot” (BDAG 334 s.v. ἐνέδρα).

[23:16] ⁶⁶tn Grk “coming and entering…, he told.” The participles παραγενόμενος (paragenomeno") and εἰσελθών (eiselqwn) have been translated as finite verbs due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:16] ⁶⁷tn Or “the headquarters.” BDAG 775 s.v. παρεμβολή 2 has “barracks/headquarters of the Roman troops in Jerusalem Ac 21:34, 37; 22:24; 23:10, 16, 32.”

[23:17] ⁶⁹tn Grk “calling…Paul said.” The participle προσκαλεσάμενος (proskalesameno") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:17] ⁷⁰sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[23:17] ⁷¹tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 10.

[23:18] ⁷³tn Grk “he”; the referent (the centurion) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[23:18] ⁷⁴tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 10.

[23:18] ⁷⁵tn Grk “calling.” The participle προσκαλεσάμενος (proskalesameno") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:19] ⁷⁷tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 10.

[23:19] ⁷⁸tn Grk “you have,” but the expression “have to report” in English could be understood to mean “must report” rather than “possess to report.” For this reason the nearly equivalent expression “want to report,” which is not subject to misunderstanding, was used in the translation.

[23:20] ⁸¹tn Grk “He said.”

[23:20] ⁸²tn Grk “the Sanhedrin” (the Sanhedrin was the highest legal, legislative, and judicial body among the Jews).

[23:21] ⁸⁵tn Grk “do not be persuaded by them.” The passive construction μὴ πεισθῇς αὐτοῖς (mh peisqh" autoi") has been converted to an active construction in the translation, and the phrase “to do this” supplied to indicate more clearly the object of their persuasion.

[23:21] ⁸⁶tn Grk “forty men of them.” In the expression ἐξ αὐτῶν ἄνδρες (ex autwn andre") “men” is somewhat redundant and has not been included in the English translation.

[23:21] ⁸⁷tn Grk “are lying in wait for him” (BDAG 334 s.v. ἐνεδρεύω); see also v. 16.

[23:21] ⁸⁸tn Grk “for him, who.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“who”) was translated by the third person plural pronoun (“they”) and a new sentence begun in the translation.

[23:21] ⁸⁹tn Or “bound themselves under a curse.” BDAG 63 s.v. ἀναθεματίζω 1 has “trans. put under a curse τινά someone… ἀ. ἑαυτόν vss. 12, 21, 13 v.l.”

[23:21] ⁹⁰tn The word “anything” is not in the Greek text, but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[23:21] ⁹¹tn Grk “waiting for your approval,” “waiting for your agreement.” Since it would be possible to misunderstand the literal translation “waiting for your approval” to mean that the Jews were waiting for the commander’s approval to carry out their plot or to kill Paul (as if he were to be an accomplice to their plot), the object of the commander’s approval (their request to bring Paul to the council) has been specified in the translation as “their request.”

[23:22] ⁸⁹tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). See note on the term “commanding officer” in v. 10.

[23:22] ⁹⁰tn BDAG 760 s.v. παραγγέλλω has “to make an announcement about someth. that must be done, give orders, command, instruct, direct of all kinds of persons in authority, worldly rulers, Jesus, the apostles…παραγγέλλειν w. an inf. and μή comes to mean forbid to do someth.: π. τινί w. aor. inf. Lk 5:14; 8:56; without the dat., which is easily supplied fr. the context Ac 23:22.” However, if the direct discourse which follows is to be retained in the translation, a different translation must be used since it is awkward to introduce direct discourse with the verb to forbid. Thus the alternative to direct was used.

[23:22] ⁹¹tn On this verb, see BDAG 325-26 s.v. ἐμφανίζω 2. The term was frequently used of an official report to authorities. In modern terms, this was a police tip.

[23:23] ⁹³tn Grk “And.” Since this represents a response to the reported ambush, καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the logical sequence.

[23:23] ⁹⁴tn Grk “summoning…he said.” The participle προσκαλεσάμενος (proskalesameno") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:23] ⁹⁵sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.

[23:23] ⁹⁶sn Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). See the note on Caesarea in Acts 10:1. This was a journey of about 65 mi (just over 100 km).

[23:23] ⁹⁷tn Or “cavalrymen.”

[23:23] ⁹⁸tn A military technical term of uncertain meaning. BDAG 217 s.v. δεξιολάβος states, “a word of uncertain mng., military t.t., acc. to Joannes Lydus…and Theophyl. Sim., Hist. 4, 1 a light-armed soldier, perh. bowman, slinger; acc. to a scholion in CMatthaei p. 342 body-guard….Spearman Goodspd., NRSV; ‘security officer’, GDKilpatrick, JTS 14, ’63, 393f.”

[23:23] ⁹⁹tn Grk “from.”

[23:23] ¹⁰⁰tn Grk “from the third hour of the night.”

[23:24] ⁹⁷tn Grk “provide mounts to put Paul on.”

[23:24] ⁹⁸sn Felix the governor was Antonius Felix, a freedman of Antonia, mother of the Emperor Claudius. He was the brother of Pallas and became procurator of Palestine in a.d. 52/53. His administration was notorious for its corruption, cynicism, and cruelty. According to the historian Tacitus (History 5.9) Felix “reveled in cruelty and lust, and wielded the power of a king with the mind of a slave.”

[23:24] ⁹⁹tn Grk “Felix the procurator.” The official Roman title has been translated as “governor” (BDAG 433 s.v. ἡγεμών 2).

[23:25] ¹⁰¹tn Grk “writing.” Due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was begun here in the translation, supplying “he” (referring to the commanding officer, Claudius Lysias) as subject. The participle γράψας (grayas) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:25] ¹⁰²tn Grk “having this form,” “having this content.” L&N 33.48 has “γράψσς ἐπιστολὴν ἔχουσαν τὸν τύπον τοῦτον ‘then he wrote a letter that went like this’ Ac 23:25. It is also possible to understand ἐπιστολή in Ac 23:25 not as a content or message, but as an object (see 6.63).”

[23:26] ¹⁰⁵tn Grk “Procurator.” The official Roman title has been translated as “governor” (BDAG 433 s.v. ἡγεμών 2).

[23:26] ¹⁰⁶sn Governor Felix. See the note on Felix in v. 24.

[23:27] ¹⁰⁹tn The participle συλλημφθέντα (sullhmfqenta) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. The remark reviews events of Acts 21:27-40.

[23:27] ¹¹⁰tn Grk “and was about to be killed by them.” The passive construction has been converted to an active one in the translation for stylistic reasons.

[23:27] ¹¹¹tn Or “approached.”

[23:27] ¹¹²tn Normally this term means “army,” but according to BDAG 947 s.v. στράτευμα, “Of a smaller detachment of soldiers, sing. Ac 23:10, 27.” In the plural it can be translated “troops,” but it is singular here.

[23:27] ¹¹³tn In Greek this is a present tense retained in indirect discourse.

[23:27] ¹¹⁴tn The word “citizen” is supplied here for emphasis and clarity.

[23:28] ¹¹³tn Or “determine.”

[23:28] ¹¹⁴tn Grk “to know the charge on account of which they were accusing him.” This has been simplified to eliminate the prepositional phrase and relative pronoun δι᾿ ἣν (di’ }hn) similar to L&N 27.8 which has “‘I wanted to find out what they were accusing him of, so I took him down to their Council’ Ac 23:28.”

[23:28] ¹¹⁵tn Grk “their Sanhedrin” (the Sanhedrin was the highest legal, legislative, and judicial body among the Jews).

[23:29] ¹¹⁷tn Grk “whom I found.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) has been changed to a personal pronoun (“he”) and a new sentence begun in the translation at this point.

[23:29] ¹¹⁸tn BDAG 428 s.v. ζήτημα states, “in our lit. only in Ac, w. the mng. it still has in Mod. Gk. (controversial) question, issue, argument…Ac 15:2; 26:3. ζ. περί τινος questions about someth.…18:15; 25:19. – In 23:29, since περί had already been used, the subj. of the discussion is added in the gen. ζ. τοῦ νόμου αὐτῶν.”

[23:29] ¹¹⁹tn Grk “but having no charge worthy of death or imprisonment.” BDAG 273-74 s.v. ἔγκλημα 1 has “legal t.t.…ἔ. ἄξιον θανάτου ἢ δεσμῶν a charge deserving death or imprisonment 23:29.”

[23:30] ¹²¹tn Grk “It being revealed to me.” The participle μηνυθείσης (mhnuqeish") has been taken temporally.

[23:30] ¹²²tn The term translated “plot” here is a different one than the one in Acts 23:16 (see BDAG 368 s.v. ἐπιβουλή).

[23:30] ¹²³tn Grk “the things against him.” This could be rendered as “accusations,” “grievances,” or “charges,” but since “ordered his accusers to state their accusations” sounds redundant in English, “charges” was used instead.

[23:31] ¹²⁵tn BDAG 237-38 s.v. διατάσσω 2 has “κατὰ τὸ δ. αὐτοῖς in accordance w. their orders…Ac 23:31.”

[23:31] ¹²⁶tn Grk “taking.” The participle ἀναλαβόντες (analabonte") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:31] ¹²⁷sn Antipatris was a city in Judea about 35 mi (55 km) northwest of Jerusalem (about halfway to Caesarea). It was mentioned several times by Josephus (Ant. 13.15.1 [13.390]; J. W. 1.4.7 [1.99]).

[23:32] ¹²⁹tn Grk “letting.” The participle ἐάσαντες (easante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:32] ¹³⁰tn Or “cavalrymen.”

[23:32] ¹³¹tn Or “the headquarters.” BDAG 775 s.v. παρεμβολή 2 has “barracks/headquarters of the Roman troops in Jerusalem Ac 21:34, 37; 22:24; 23:10, 16, 32.”

[23:33] ¹³³tn Grk “who, coming to Caesarea.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek construction, a new sentence was begun here in the translation. The relative pronoun (“who”) has been replaced with the referent (the horsemen) in the translation for clarity.

[23:33] ¹³⁴sn Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). See the note on Caesarea in Acts 10:1. It was about 30 mi (50 km) from Antipatris.

[23:33] ¹³⁵tn BDAG 778 s.v. παρίστημι/παριστάνω 1.b has “present, represent – α. lit. τινά τινι someone to someone παρέστησαν τὸν Παῦλον αὐτῷ Ac 23:33.”

[23:34] ¹³⁷tn Grk “he”; the referent (the governor) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[23:34] ¹³⁸tn Grk “having read.” The participle ἀναγνούς (anagnou") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:34] ¹³⁹tn The words “the letter” are not in the Greek text but are implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[23:34] ¹⁴⁰tn Grk “and asking.” The participle ἐπερωτήσας (eperwthsa") has been translated as a finite verb and καί (kai) left untranslated due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:34] ¹⁴¹sn Governor Felix asked what province he was from to determine whether he had legal jurisdiction over Paul. He could have sent him to his home province for trial, but decided to hear the case himself.

[23:34] ¹⁴²tn Grk “and learning.” The participle πυθόμενος (puqomeno") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[23:34] ¹⁴³sn Cilicia was a province in northeastern Asia Minor.

[23:35] ¹⁴¹tn Or “I will hear your case.” BDAG 231 s.v. διακούω has “as legal t.t. give someone an opportunity to be heard in court, give someone (τινός) a hearing Ac 23:35”; L&N 56.13 has “to give a judicial hearing in a legal matter – ‘to hear a case, to provide a legal hearing, to hear a case in court.’”

[23:35] ¹⁴²tn Grk “ordering.” The participle κελεύσας (keleusas) has been translated as a finite verb and a new sentence begun here due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence. “Then” has also been supplied to indicate the logical and temporal sequence.

[23:35] ¹⁴³tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[23:35] ¹⁴⁴sn Herod’s palace (Grk “Herod’s praetorium”) was the palace built in Caesarea by Herod the Great. See Josephus, Ant. 15.9.6 (15.331). These events belong to the period of a.d. 56-57.