Acts 17:21-34

17:21 (All the Athenians and the foreigners who lived there used to spend their time ¹  in nothing else than telling ²  or listening to something new.) ³ 

17:22 So Paul stood ⁴  before the Areopagus and said, “Men of Athens, I see that you are very religious ⁵  in all respects. ⁶  17:23 For as I went around and observed closely your objects of worship, ⁷  I even found an altar with this inscription: ⁸  ‘To an unknown god.’ Therefore what you worship without knowing it, ⁹  this I proclaim to you. 17:24 The God who made the world and everything in it, ¹⁰  who is ¹¹  Lord of heaven and earth, does not live in temples made by human hands, ¹²  17:25 nor is he served by human hands, as if he needed anything, ¹³  because he himself gives life and breath and everything to everyone. ¹⁴  17:26 From one man ¹⁵  he made every nation of the human race ¹⁶  to inhabit the entire earth, ¹⁷  determining their set times ¹⁸  and the fixed limits of the places where they would live, ¹⁹  17:27 so that they would search for God and perhaps grope around ²⁰  for him and find him, ²¹  though he is ²²  not far from each one of us. 17:28 For in him we live and move about ²³  and exist, as even some of your own poets have said, ‘For we too are his offspring.’ ²⁴  17:29 So since we are God’s offspring, we should not think the deity ²⁵  is like gold or silver or stone, an image ²⁶  made by human ²⁷  skill ²⁸  and imagination. ²⁹  17:30 Therefore, although God has overlooked ³⁰  such times of ignorance, ³¹  he now commands all people ³²  everywhere to repent, ³³  17:31 because he has set ³⁴  a day on which he is going to judge the world ³⁵  in righteousness, by a man whom he designated, ³⁶  having provided proof to everyone by raising ³⁷  him from the dead.”

17:32 Now when they heard about ³⁸  the resurrection from the dead, some began to scoff, ³⁹  but others said, “We will hear you again about this.” 17:33 So Paul left the Areopagus. ⁴⁰  17:34 But some people ⁴¹  joined him ⁴²  and believed. Among them ⁴³  were Dionysius, who was a member of the Areopagus, ⁴⁴  a woman ⁴⁵  named Damaris, and others with them.

[17:21]  ¹ tn The imperfect verb ηὐκαίρουν (hukairoun) has been translated as a customary or habitual imperfect.

[17:21]  ² tn BDAG 406-7 s.v. εὐκαιρέω has “used to spend their time in nothing else than telling Ac 17:21.”

[17:21]  ³ sn This is a parenthetical note by the author. The reference to newness may be pejorative.

[17:22]  ⁴ tn Grk “standing…said.” The participle ζηλώσαντες (zhlwsante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[17:22]  ⁵ tn The term δεισιδαιμονεστέρους (deisidaimonesterou") is difficult. On the one hand it can have the positive sense of “devout,” but on the other hand it can have the negative sense of “superstitious” (BDAG 216 s.v. δεισιδαίμων). As part of a laudatory introduction (the technical rhetorical term for this introduction was capatatio), the term is probably positive here. It may well be a “backhanded” compliment, playing on the ambiguity.

[17:22]  ⁶ tn BDAG 513 s.v. κατά B.6 translates the phrase κατὰ πάντα (kata panta) as “in all respects.”

[17:23]  ⁷ tn Or “your sanctuaries.” L&N 53.54 gives “sanctuary” (place of worship) as an alternate meaning for the word σεβάσματα (sebasmata).

[17:23]  ⁸ tn Grk “on which was written,” but since it would have been carved in stone, it is more common to speak of an “inscription” in English. To simplify the English the relative construction with a passive verb (“on which was inscribed”) was translated as a prepositional phrase with a substantive (“inscription”).

[17:23]  ⁹ tn BDAG 13 s.v. ἀγνοέω 1.b has “Abs. ὅ ἀγνοοῦντες εὐσεβεῖτε what you worship without knowing it (on the subject matter Maximus Tyr. 11, 5e: all sorts of philosophers ἴσασιν οὐκ ἑκόντες καὶ λέγουσιν ἄκοντες sc. τὸ θεῖον = they know and name God without intending to do so) Ac 17:23.” Paul, in typical Jewish Christian style, informs them of the true God, of whom their idols are an ignorant reflection.

[17:24]  ¹⁰ tn Grk “all the things that are in it.” The speech starts with God as Creator, like 14:15.

[17:24]  ¹¹ tn Or “because he is.” The participle ὑπάρχων (Juparcwn) could be either adjectival, modifying οὗτος (Joutos, “who is Lord…”) or adverbial of cause (“because he is Lord…”). Since the participle διδούς (didou") in v. 25 appears to be clearly causal in force, it is preferable to understand ὑπάρχων as adjectival in this context.

[17:24]  ¹² sn On the statement does not live in temples made by human hands compare Acts 7:48. This has implications for idols as well. God cannot be represented by them or, as the following clause also suggests, served by human hands.

[17:25]  ¹³ tn L&N 57.45 has “nor does he need anything more that people can supply by working for him.”

[17:25]  ¹⁴ tn Grk “he himself gives to all [people] life and breath and all things.”

[17:26]  ¹⁵ sn The one man refers to Adam (the word “man” is understood).

[17:26]  ¹⁶ tn Or “mankind.” BDAG 276 s.v. ἔθνος 1 has “every nation of humankind Ac 17:26.”

[17:26]  ¹⁷ tn Grk “to live over all the face of the earth.”

[17:26]  ¹⁸ tn BDAG 884-85 s.v. προστάσσω has “(οἱ) προστεταγμένοι καιροί (the) fixed times Ac 17:26” here, but since the following phrase is also translated “fixed limits,” this would seem redundant in English, so the word “set” has been used instead.

[17:26]  ¹⁹ tn Grk “the boundaries of their habitation.” L&N 80.5 has “fixed limits of the places where they would live” for this phrase.

[17:27]  ²⁰ tn See BDAG 1097-98 s.v. ψηλαφάω, which lists “touch, handle” and “to feel around for, grope for” as possible meanings.

[17:27]  ²¹ sn Perhaps grope around for him and find him. The pagans’ struggle to know God is the point here. Conscience alone is not good enough.

[17:27]  ²² tn The participle ὑπάρχοντα (Juparconta) has been translated as a concessive adverbial participle.

[17:28]  ²³ tn According to L&N 15.1, “A strictly literal translation of κινέω in Ac 17:28 might imply merely moving from one place to another. The meaning, however, is generalized movement and activity; therefore, it may be possible to translate κινούμεθα as ‘we come and go’ or ‘we move about’’ or even ‘we do what we do.’”

[17:28]  ²⁴ sn This quotation is from Aratus (ca. 310-245 b.c.), Phaenomena 5. Paul asserted a general relationship and accountability to God for all humanity.

[17:29]  ²⁵ tn Or “the divine being.” BDAG 446 s.v. θεῖος 1.b has “divine being, divinity” here.

[17:29]  ²⁶ tn Or “a likeness.” Again idolatry is directly attacked as an affront to God and a devaluation of him.

[17:29]  ²⁷ tn Grk “by the skill and imagination of man,” but ἀνθρώπου (anqrwpou) has been translated as an attributive genitive.

[17:29]  ²⁸ tn Or “craftsmanship” (cf. BDAG 1001 s.v. τέχνη).

[17:29]  ²⁹ tn Or “thought.” BDAG 336 s.v. ἐνθύμησις has “thought, reflection, idea” as the category of meaning here, but in terms of creativity (as in the context) the imaginative faculty is in view.

[17:30]  ³⁰ tn Or “has deliberately paid no attention to.”

[17:30]  ³¹ tn Or “times when people did not know.”

[17:30]  ³² tn Here ἀνθρώποις (anqrwpoi") has been translated as a generic noun (“people”).

[17:30]  ³³ sn He now commands all people everywhere to repent. God was now asking all mankind to turn to him. No nation or race was excluded.

[17:31]  ³⁴ tn Or “fixed.”

[17:31]  ³⁵ sn The world refers to the whole inhabited earth.

[17:31]  ³⁶ tn Or “appointed.” BDAG 723 s.v. ὁρίζω 2.b has “of persons appoint, designate, declare: God judges the world ἐν ἀνδρὶ ᾧ ὥρισεν through a man whom he has appointed Ac 17:31.”

[17:31]  ³⁷ tn The participle ἀναστήσας (anasthsa") indicates means here.

[17:32]  ³⁸ tn The participle ἀκούσαντες (akousante") has been taken temporally.

[17:32]  ³⁹ tn L&N 33.408 has “some scoffed (at him) Ac 17:32” for ἐχλεύαζον (ecleuazon) here; the imperfect verb has been translated as an ingressive imperfect (“began to scoff”).

[17:33]  ⁴⁰ tn Grk “left out of their midst”; the referent (the Areopagus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[17:34]  ⁴¹ tn Although the Greek word here is ἀνήρ (anhr), which normally refers to males, husbands, etc., in this particular context it must have a generic force similar to that of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo"), since “a woman named Damaris” is mentioned specifically as being part of this group (cf. BDAG 79 s.v. ἀνήρ 1.a).

[17:34]  ⁴² tn Grk “joining him, believed.” The participle κολληθέντες (kollhqente") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. On the use of this verb in Acts, see 5:13; 8:29; 9:26; 10:28.

[17:34]  ⁴³ tn Grk “among whom.” Due to the length of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) has been translated as a third person plural pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence begun in the translation.

[17:34]  ⁴⁴ tn Grk “the Areopagite” (a member of the council of the Areopagus). The noun “Areopagite” is not in common usage today in English. It is clearer to use a descriptive phrase “a member of the Areopagus” (L&N 11.82). However, this phrase alone can be misleading in English: “Dionysius, a member of the Areopagus, and a woman named Damaris” could be understood to refer to three people (Dionysius, an unnamed member of the Areopagus, and Damaris) rather than only two. Converting the descriptive phrase to a relative clause in English (“who was a member of the Areopagus”) removes the ambiguity.

[17:34]  ⁴⁵ tn Grk “and a woman”; but this καί (kai) has not been translated since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.