Acts 18:23

18:23 After he spent ¹  some time there, Paul left and went through the region of Galatia ²  and Phrygia, ³  strengthening all the disciples.

Acts 18:1

Paul at Corinth

18:1 After this ⁴  Paul ⁵  departed from ⁶  Athens ⁷  and went to Corinth. ⁸ 

Colossians 1:1

Salutation

1:1 From Paul, ⁹  an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God, and Timothy our brother,

Galatians 1:2

1:2 and all the brothers with me, to the churches of Galatia.

Galatians 3:1-2

Justification by Law or by Faith?

3:1 You ¹⁰  foolish Galatians! Who has cast a spell ¹¹  on you? Before your eyes Jesus Christ was vividly portrayed ¹²  as crucified! 3:2 The only thing I want to learn from you is this: Did you receive the Spirit by doing the works of the law ¹³  or by believing what you heard? ¹⁴ 

Galatians 4:10

4:10 You are observing religious ¹⁵  days and months and seasons and years.

Galatians 4:1

4:1 Now I mean that the heir, as long as he is a minor, ¹⁶  is no different from a slave, though he is the owner ¹⁷  of everything.

Galatians 1:1

Salutation

1:1 From Paul, ¹⁸  an apostle (not from men, nor by human agency, but by Jesus Christ and God the Father who raised him from the dead)

[18:23]  ¹ tn Grk “Having spent”; the participle ποιήσας (poihsas) is taken temporally.

[18:23]  ² sn Galatia refers to either (1) the region of the old kingdom of Galatia in the central part of Asia Minor, or (2) the Roman province of Galatia, whose principal cities in the 1st century were Ancyra and Pisidian Antioch. The exact extent and meaning of this area has been a subject of considerable controversy in modern NT studies.

[18:23]  ³ sn Phrygia was a district in central Asia Minor west of Pisidia. See Acts 16:6.

[18:1]  ⁴ tn Grk “After these things.”

[18:1]  ⁵ tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[18:1]  ⁶ tn Or “Paul left.”

[18:1]  ⁷ map For location see JP1 C2; JP2 C2; JP3 C2; JP4 C2.

[18:1]  ⁸ sn Corinth was the capital city of the senatorial province of Achaia and the seat of the Roman proconsul. It was located 55 mi (88 km) west of Athens. Corinth was a major rival to Athens and was the largest city in Greece at the time.

[1:1]  ⁹ tn Grk “Paul.” The word “from” is not in the Greek text, but has been supplied to indicate the sender of the letter.

[3:1]  ¹⁰ tn Grk “O” (an interjection used both in address and emotion). In context the following section is highly charged emotionally.

[3:1]  ¹¹ tn Or “deceived”; the verb βασκαίνω (baskainw) can be understood literally here in the sense of bewitching by black magic, but could also be understood figuratively to refer to an act of deception (see L&N 53.98 and 88.159).

[3:1]  ¹² tn Or “publicly placarded,” “set forth in a public proclamation” (BDAG 867 s.v. προγράφω 2).

[3:2]  ¹³ tn Grk “by [the] works of [the] law,” a reference to observing the Mosaic law.

[3:2]  ¹⁴ tn Grk “by [the] hearing of faith.”

[4:10]  ¹⁵ tn The adjective “religious” has been supplied in the translation to make clear that the problem concerns observing certain days, etc. in a religious sense (cf. NIV, NRSV “special days”). In light of the polemic in this letter against the Judaizers (those who tried to force observance of the Mosaic law on Gentile converts to Christianity) this may well be a reference to the observance of Jewish Sabbaths, feasts, and other religious days.

[4:1]  ¹⁶ tn Grk “a small child.” The Greek term νήπιος (nhpios) refers to a young child, no longer a helpless infant but probably not more than three or four years old (L&N 9.43). The point in context, though, is that this child is too young to take any responsibility for the management of his assets.

[4:1]  ¹⁷ tn Grk “master” or “lord” (κύριος, kurios).

[1:1]  ¹⁸ tn Grk “Paul.” The word “from” is not in the Greek text, but has been supplied to indicate the sender of the letter.