Discovery BoxActs 27:1--28:16
Context27:1 When it was decided we 1 would sail to Italy, 2 they handed over Paul and some other prisoners to a centurion 3 of the Augustan Cohort 4 named Julius. 27:2 We went on board 5 a ship from Adramyttium 6 that was about to sail to various ports 7 along the coast of the province of Asia 8 and put out to sea, 9 accompanied by Aristarchus, a Macedonian 10 from Thessalonica. 11 27:3 The next day we put in 12 at Sidon, 13 and Julius, treating Paul kindly, 14 allowed him to go to his friends so they could provide him with what he needed. 15 27:4 From there we put out to sea 16 and sailed under the lee 17 of Cyprus because the winds were against us. 27:5 After we had sailed across the open sea 18 off Cilicia and Pamphylia, 19 we put in 20 at Myra 21 in Lycia. 22 27:6 There the centurion 23 found 24 a ship from Alexandria 25 sailing for Italy, and he put us aboard it. 27:7 We sailed slowly 26 for many days and arrived with difficulty off Cnidus. 27 Because the wind prevented us from going any farther, 28 we sailed under the lee 29 of Crete off Salmone. 30 27:8 With difficulty we sailed along the coast 31 of Crete 32 and came to a place called Fair Havens that was near the town of Lasea. 33
27:9 Since considerable time had passed and the voyage was now dangerous 34 because the fast 35 was already over, 36 Paul advised them, 37 27:10 “Men, I can see the voyage is going to end 38 in disaster 39 and great loss not only of the cargo and the ship, but also of our lives.” 40 27:11 But the centurion 41 was more convinced 42 by the captain 43 and the ship’s owner than by what Paul said. 44 27:12 Because the harbor was not suitable to spend the winter in, the majority decided 45 to put out to sea 46 from there. They hoped that 47 somehow they could reach 48 Phoenix, 49 a harbor of Crete facing 50 southwest and northwest, and spend the winter there. 27:13 When a gentle south wind sprang up, they thought 51 they could carry out 52 their purpose, so they weighed anchor 53 and sailed close along the coast 54 of Crete. 27:14 Not long after this, a hurricane-force 55 wind called the northeaster 56 blew down from the island. 57 27:15 When the ship was caught in it 58 and could not head into 59 the wind, we gave way to it and were driven 60 along. 27:16 As we ran under the lee of 61 a small island called Cauda, 62 we were able with difficulty to get the ship’s boat 63 under control. 27:17 After the crew 64 had hoisted it aboard, 65 they used supports 66 to undergird the ship. Fearing they would run aground 67 on the Syrtis, 68 they lowered the sea anchor, 69 thus letting themselves be driven along. 27:18 The next day, because we were violently battered by the storm, 70 they began throwing the cargo overboard, 71 27:19 and on the third day they threw the ship’s gear 72 overboard with their own hands. 27:20 When neither sun nor stars appeared for many days and a violent 73 storm continued to batter us, 74 we finally abandoned all hope of being saved. 75
27:21 Since many of them had no desire to eat, 76 Paul 77 stood up 78 among them and said, “Men, you should have listened to me 79 and not put out to sea 80 from Crete, thus avoiding 81 this damage and loss. 27:22 And now I advise 82 you to keep up your courage, for there will be no loss of life among you, but only the ship will be lost. 83 27:23 For last night an angel of the God to whom I belong 84 and whom I serve 85 came to me 86 27:24 and said, 87 ‘Do not be afraid, Paul! You must stand before 88 Caesar, 89 and God has graciously granted you the safety 90 of all who are sailing with you.’ 27:25 Therefore keep up your courage, men, for I have faith in God 91 that it will be just as I have been told. 27:26 But we must 92 run aground on some island.”
27:27 When the fourteenth night had come, while we were being driven 93 across the Adriatic Sea, 94 about midnight the sailors suspected they were approaching some land. 95 27:28 They took soundings 96 and found the water was twenty fathoms 97 deep; when they had sailed a little farther 98 they took soundings again and found it was fifteen fathoms 99 deep. 27:29 Because they were afraid 100 that we would run aground on the rocky coast, 101 they threw out 102 four anchors from the stern and wished 103 for day to appear. 104 27:30 Then when the sailors tried to escape from the ship and were lowering the ship’s boat into the sea, pretending 105 that they were going to put out anchors from the bow, 27:31 Paul said to the centurion 106 and the soldiers, “Unless these men stay with the ship, you 107 cannot be saved.” 27:32 Then the soldiers cut the ropes 108 of the ship’s boat and let it drift away. 109
27:33 As day was about to dawn, 110 Paul urged them all to take some food, saying, “Today is the fourteenth day you have been in suspense 111 and have gone 112 without food; you have eaten nothing. 113 27:34 Therefore I urge you to take some food, for this is important 114 for your survival. 115 For not one of you will lose a hair from his head.” 27:35 After he said this, Paul 116 took bread 117 and gave thanks to God in front of them all, 118 broke 119 it, and began to eat. 27:36 So all of them were encouraged and took food themselves. 27:37 (We were in all two hundred seventy-six 120 persons on the ship.) 121 27:38 When they had eaten enough to be satisfied, 122 they lightened the ship by throwing the wheat 123 into the sea.
27:39 When day came, they did not recognize the land, but they noticed 124 a bay 125 with a beach, 126 where they decided to run the ship aground if they could. 27:40 So they slipped 127 the anchors 128 and left them in the sea, at the same time loosening the linkage 129 that bound the steering oars 130 together. Then they hoisted 131 the foresail 132 to the wind and steered toward 133 the beach. 27:41 But they encountered a patch of crosscurrents 134 and ran the ship aground; the bow stuck fast and could not be moved, but the stern was being broken up by the force 135 of the waves. 27:42 Now the soldiers’ plan was to kill the prisoners 136 so that none of them would escape by swimming away. 137 27:43 But the centurion, 138 wanting to save Paul’s life, 139 prevented them from carrying out their plan. He ordered those who could swim to jump overboard first and get to land, 140 27:44 and the rest were to follow, 141 some on planks 142 and some on pieces of the ship. 143 And in this way 144 all were brought safely to land.
28:1 After we had safely reached shore, 145 we learned that the island was called Malta. 146 28:2 The local inhabitants 147 showed us extraordinary 148 kindness, for they built a fire and welcomed us all because it had started to rain 149 and was cold. 28:3 When Paul had gathered a bundle of brushwood 150 and was putting it on the fire, a viper came out because of the heat and fastened itself on his hand. 28:4 When the local people 151 saw the creature hanging from Paul’s 152 hand, they said to one another, “No doubt this man is a murderer! Although he has escaped from the sea, Justice herself 153 has not allowed him to live!” 154 28:5 However, 155 Paul 156 shook 157 the creature off into the fire and suffered no harm. 28:6 But they were expecting that he was going to swell up 158 or suddenly drop dead. So after they had waited 159 a long time and had seen 160 nothing unusual happen 161 to him, they changed their minds 162 and said he was a god. 163
28:7 Now in the region around that place 164 were fields belonging to the chief official 165 of the island, named Publius, who welcomed us and entertained us hospitably as guests for three days. 28:8 The father 166 of Publius lay sick in bed, suffering from fever and dysentery. Paul went in to see him 167 and after praying, placed 168 his hands on him and healed 169 him. 28:9 After this had happened, many of the people on the island who were sick 170 also came and were healed. 171 28:10 They also bestowed many honors, 172 and when we were preparing to sail, 173 they gave 174 us all the supplies we needed. 175
28:11 After three months we put out to sea 176 in an Alexandrian ship that had wintered at the island and had the “Heavenly Twins” 177 as its figurehead. 178 28:12 We put in 179 at Syracuse 180 and stayed there three days. 28:13 From there we cast off 181 and arrived at Rhegium, 182 and after one day a south wind sprang up 183 and on the second day we came to Puteoli. 184 28:14 There 185 we found 186 some brothers 187 and were invited to stay with them seven days. And in this way we came to Rome. 188 28:15 The brothers from there, 189 when they heard about us, came as far as the Forum of Appius 190 and Three Taverns 191 to meet us. When he saw them, 192 Paul thanked God and took courage. 28:16 When we entered Rome, Paul was allowed to live 193 by himself, with the soldier who was guarding him.
[27:1] 1 sn The last “we” section in Acts begins here and extends to 28:16 (the previous one ended at 21:18).
[27:1] 2 sn Sail to Italy. This voyage with its difficulty serves to show how God protected Paul on his long journey to Rome. From the perspective of someone in Palestine, this may well picture “the end of the earth” quite literally (cf. Acts 1:8).
[27:1] 3 sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.
[27:1] 4 tn According to BDAG 917 s.v. σεβαστός, “In σπεῖρα Σεβαστή 27:1 (cp. OGI 421) Σεβαστή is likew. an exact transl. of Lat. Augusta, an honorary title freq. given to auxiliary troops (Ptolem. renders it Σεβαστή in connection w. three legions that bore it: 2, 3, 30; 2, 9, 18; 4, 3, 30) imperial cohort.” According to W. Foerster (TDNT 7:175), “In Ac. 27:1 the σπεῖρα Σεβαστή is an expression also found elsewhere for ‘auxiliary troops.’” In no case would this refer to a special imperial bodyguard, and to translate “imperial regiment” or “imperial cohort” might give this impression. There is some archaeological evidence for a Cohors Augusta I stationed in Syria during the time of Augustus, but whether this is the same unit is very debatable.
[27:2] 5 tn Grk “Going on board.” The participle ἐπιβάντες (epibante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:2] 6 sn Adramyttium was a seaport in Mysia on the western coast of Asia Minor.
[27:2] 8 tn Grk “Asia”; in the NT this always refers to the Roman province of Asia, made up of about one-third of the west and southwest end of modern Asia Minor. Asia lay to the west of the region of Phrygia and Galatia. The words “the province of” are supplied to indicate to the modern reader that this does not refer to the continent of Asia.
[27:2] 9 tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4 states, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”
[27:2] 10 sn A Macedonian. The city of Thessalonica (modern Salonica) was in the Roman province of Macedonia in Greece.
[27:2] 11 map For location see JP1 C1; JP2 C1; JP3 C1; JP4 C1.
[27:3] 12 tn BDAG 516 s.v. κατάγω states, “Hence the pass., in act. sense, of ships and seafarers put in εἴς τι at a harbor…εἰς Σιδῶνα Ac 27:3.”
[27:3] 13 sn Sidon is another seaport 75 mi (120 km) north of Caesarea.
[27:3] 14 tn BDAG 1056 s.v. φιλανθρώπως states, “benevolently, kindly φιλανθρώπως χρῆσθαί (τινι) treat someone in kindly fashion…Ac 27:3.”
[27:3] 15 tn Grk “to go to his friends to be cared for.” The scene is an indication of Christian hospitality.
[27:4] 16 tn Grk “putting out to sea.” The participle ἀναχθέντες (anacqente") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4 states, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”
[27:4] 17 tn BDAG 1040 s.v. ὑποπλέω states, “sail under the lee of an island, i.e. in such a way that the island protects the ship fr. the wind Ac 27:4, 7.” Thus they were east and north of the island.
[27:5] 18 tn Grk “the depths,” the deep area of a sea far enough from land that it is not protected by the coast (L&N 1.73).
[27:5] 19 sn Pamphylia was a province in the southern part of Asia Minor; it was west of Cilicia (see BDAG 753 s.v. Παμφυλία).
[27:5] 20 tn BDAG 531 s.v. κατέρχομαι 2 states, “Of ships and those who sail in them, who ‘come down’ fr. the ‘high seas’: arrive, put in…ἔις τι at someth. a harbor 18:22; 21:3; 27:5.”
[27:5] 21 sn Myra was a city on the southern coast of Lycia in Asia Minor. This journey from Sidon (v. 3) was 440 mi (700 km) and took about 15 days.
[27:5] 22 sn Lycia was the name of a peninsula on the southern coast of Asia Minor between Caria and Pamphylia.
[27:6] 23 sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.
[27:6] 24 tn Grk “finding.” The participle εὑρών (Jeurwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:6] 25 sn Alexandria (modern Alexandria) was a great city of northern Egypt which was a center for grain trade to Rome. Therefore this type of travel connection was common at the time. For a winter journey (considered hazardous) there were special bonuses and insurance provided (Suetonius, Life of Claudius 18.1-2).
[27:7] 26 tn The participle βραδυπλοοῦντες (braduploounte") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:7] 27 sn Cnidus was the name of a peninsula on the southwestern coast of Asia Minor. This was about 130 mi (210 km) from Myra.
[27:7] 28 tn This genitive absolute construction with προσεῶντος (prosewnto") has been translated as a causal adverbial participle. L&N 13.139 translates the phrase μὴ προσεῶντος ἡμᾶς τοῦ ἀνέμου (mh prosewnto" Jhma" tou anemou) as “the wind would not let us go any farther.”
[27:7] 29 tn BDAG 1040 s.v. ὑποπλέω states, “sail under the lee of an island, i.e. in such a way that the island protects the ship fr. the wind Ac 27:4, 7.”
[27:7] 30 sn Salmone was the name of a promontory on the northeastern corner of the island of Crete. This was about 100 mi (160 km) farther along.
[27:8] 31 tn Grk “sailing along the coast…we came.” The participle παραλεγόμενοι (paralegomenoi) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. L&N 54.8, “παραλέγομαι: (a technical, nautical term) to sail along beside some object – ‘to sail along the coast, to sail along the shore.’ …‘they sailed along the coast of Crete’ Ac 27:13.”
[27:8] 32 tn Grk “it”; the referent (Crete) has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
[27:8] 33 sn Lasea was a city on the southern coast of the island of Crete. This was about 60 mi (96 km) farther.
[27:9] 34 tn Or “unsafe” (BDAG 383 s.v. ἐπισφαλής). The term is a NT hapax legomenon.
[27:9] 35 sn The fast refers to the Jewish Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur. It was now into October and the dangerous winter winds would soon occur (Suetonius, Life of Claudius 18; Josephus, J. W. 1.14.2-3 [1.279-281]).
[27:9] 36 tn The accusative articular infinitive παρεληλυθέναι (parelhluqenai) after the preposition διά (dia) is causal. BDAG 776 s.v. παρέρχομαι 2 has “διὰ τὸ τὴν νηστείαν ἤδη παρεληλυθέναι because the fast was already over Ac 27:9.”
[27:9] 37 tn Grk “Paul advised, saying to them.” The participle λέγων (legwn) is redundant in English and has not been translated. On the term translated “advised,” see BDAG 764 s.v. παραινέω, which usually refers to recommendations.
[27:10] 38 tn Grk “is going to be with disaster.”
[27:10] 39 tn Or “hardship,” “damage.” BDAG 1022 s.v. ὕβρις 3 states, “fig. hardship, disaster, damage caused by the elements…w. ζημία Ac 27:10.”
[27:10] 40 tn Grk “souls” (here, one’s physical life).
[27:11] 41 sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.
[27:11] 43 tn BDAG 456 s.v. κυβερνήτης 1 has “one who is responsible for the management of a ship, shipmaster…W. ναύκληρος, the ‘shipowner’…Ac 27:11” See further L. Casson, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, 316-18.
[27:11] 44 tn Grk “than by what was said by Paul.” The passive construction has been converted to an active one to simplify the translation.
[27:12] 45 tn BDAG 181-82 s.v. βουλή 2.a, “β. τίθεσθαι (Judg 19:30; Ps 12:3) decide 27:12 (w. inf. foll.).”
[27:12] 46 tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”
[27:12] 47 tn Grk “from there, if somehow” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was begun here in the translation and the introductory phrase “They hoped that” supplied (with the subject, “they,” repeated from the previous clause) to make a complete English sentence.
[27:12] 48 tn Grk “if somehow, reaching Phoenix, they could…” The participle καταντήσαντες (katanthsante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:12] 49 sn Phoenix was a seaport on the southern coast of the island of Crete. This was about 30 mi (48 km) further west.
[27:12] 50 tn Or “a harbor of Crete open to the southwest and northwest.”
[27:13] 51 tn Grk “thinking.” The participle δόξαντες (doxante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:13] 52 tn Or “accomplish.” L&N 68.29, for κρατέω, has “to be able to complete or finish, presumably despite difficulties – ‘to accomplish, to do successfully, to carry out.’ …‘thinking that they could carry out their purpose’ Ac 27:13.”
[27:13] 54 tn L&N 54.8, “παραλέγομαι: (a technical, nautical term) to sail along beside some object – ‘to sail along the coast, to sail along the shore.’…‘they sailed along the coast of Crete’ Ac 27:13.” With the addition of the adverb ἆσσον (asson) this becomes “sailed close along the coast of Crete.”
[27:14] 55 tn Grk “a wind like a typhoon.” That is, a very violent wind like a typhoon or hurricane (BDAG 1021 s.v. τυφωνικός).
[27:14] 56 sn Or called Euraquilo (the actual name of the wind, a sailor’s term which was a combination of Greek and Latin). According to Strabo (Geography 1.2.21), this was a violent northern wind.
[27:14] 57 tn Grk “from it”; the referent (the island) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[27:15] 58 tn Or “was forced off course.” Grk “The ship being caught in it.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle συναρπασθέντος (sunarpasqento") has been taken temporally; it could also be translated as causal (“Because the ship was caught in it”).
[27:15] 59 tn BDAG 91 s.v. ἀντοφθαλμέω states, “Metaph. of a ship τοῦ πλοίου μὴ δυναμένοι ἀ. τῷ ἀνέμῳ since the ship was not able to face the wind, i.e. with its bow headed against the forces of the waves Ac 27:15.”
[27:15] 60 sn Caught in the violent wind, the ship was driven along. They were now out of control, at the mercy of the wind and sea.
[27:16] 61 tn BDAG 1042 s.v. ὑποτρέχω states, “run or sail under the lee of, nautical t.t.…Ac 27:16.” The participle ὑποδραμόντες (Jupodramonte") has been taken temporally (“as we ran under the lee of”). While this could also be translated as a participle of means (“by running…”) this might suggest the ship was still under a greater degree of control by its crew than it probably was.
[27:16] 62 sn Cauda. This island was located south of Crete, about 23 mi (36 km) from where they began. There are various ways to spell the island’s name (e.g., Clauda, BDAG 546 s.v. Κλαῦδα).
[27:16] 63 sn The ship’s boat was a small rowboat, normally towed behind a ship in good weather rather than stowed on board. It was used for landings, to maneuver the ship for tacking, and to lay anchors (not a lifeboat in the modern sense, although it could have served as a means of escape for some of the sailors; see v. 30). See L. Casson, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, 248f.
[27:17] 64 tn Grk “After hoisting it up, they…”; the referent (the ship’s crew) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[27:17] 65 tn The participle ἄραντες (arantes) has been taken temporally.
[27:17] 66 tn Possibly “ropes” or “cables”; Grk “helps” (a word of uncertain meaning; probably a nautical technical term, BDAG 180 s.v. βοήθεια 2).
[27:17] 67 tn BDAG 308 s.v. ἐκπίπτω 2 states, “drift off course, run aground, nautical term εἴς τι on someth….on the Syrtis 27:17.”
[27:17] 68 tn That is, on the sandbars and shallows of the Syrtis.
[27:17] 69 tn Or perhaps “mainsail.” The meaning of this word is uncertain. BDAG 927 s.v. σκεῦος 1 has “τὸ σκεῦος Ac 27:17 seems to be the kedge or driving anchor” while C. Maurer (TDNT 7:362) notes, “The meaning in Ac. 27:17: χαλάσαντες τὸ σκεῦος, is uncertain. Prob. the ref. is not so much to taking down the sails as to throwing the draganchor overboard to lessen the speed of the ship.” In spite of this L&N 6.1 states, “In Ac 27:17, for example, the reference of σκεῦος is generally understood to be the mainsail.” A reference to the sail is highly unlikely because in a storm of the force described in Ac 27:14, the sail would have been taken down and reefed immediately, to prevent its being ripped to shreds or torn away by the gale.
[27:18] 70 tn BDAG 980 s.v. σφόδρῶς states, “very much, greatly, violently…σφ. χειμάζεσθαι be violently beaten by a storm Ac 27:18.”
[27:18] 71 tn Or “jettisoning [the cargo]” (a nautical technical term). The words “the cargo” are not in the Greek text but are implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.
[27:19] 72 tn Or “rigging,” “tackle”; Grk “the ship’s things.” Here the more abstract “gear” is preferred to “rigging” or “tackle” as a translation for σκεῦος (skeuos) because in v. 40 the sailors are still able to raise the (fore)sail, which they could not have done if the ship’s rigging or tackle had been jettisoned here.
[27:20] 73 tn Grk “no small storm” = a very great storm.
[27:20] 74 tn Grk “no small storm pressing on us.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle ἐπικειμένου (epikeimenou) has been translated as parallel to the previous genitive absolute construction (which was translated as temporal). BDAG 373 s.v. ἐπίκειμαι 2.b states, “of impersonal force confront χειμῶνος ἐπικειμένου since a storm lay upon us Ac 27:20.” L&N 14.2, “‘the stormy weather did not abate in the least’ or ‘the violent storm continued’ Ac 27:20.” To this last was added the idea of “battering” from the notion of “pressing upon” inherent in ἐπίκειμαι (epikeimai).
[27:20] 75 tn Grk “finally all hope that we would be saved was abandoned.” The passive construction has been converted to an active one to simplify the translation. This represents a clearly secular use of the term σῴζω (swzw) in that it refers to deliverance from the storm. At this point those on board the ship gave up hope of survival.
[27:21] 76 tn Or “Since they had no desire to eat for a long time.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle ὑπαρχούσης (Juparcoush") has been translated as a causal adverbial participle. It could also be translated temporally (“When many of them had no desire to eat”). The translation of πολλῆς (pollhs) as a substantized adjective referring to the people on board the ship (“many of them”) rather than a period of time (“for a long time”; so most modern versions) follows BDAG 143 s.v. ἀσιτία, which has “πολλῆς ἀ. ὑπαρχούσης since almost nobody wanted to eat because of anxiety or seasickness…Ac 27:21.” This detail indicates how turbulent things were on board the ship.
[27:21] 77 tn Here τότε (tote) is redundant (pleonastic) according to BDAG 1012-13 s.v. τότε 2; thus it has not been translated.
[27:21] 78 tn Grk “standing up…said.” The participle σταθείς (staqeis) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:21] 79 tn L&N 36.12 has “πειθαρχήσαντάς μοι μὴ ἀνάγεσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς Κρήτης ‘you should have listened to me and not have sailed from Crete’ Ac 27:21.”
[27:21] 80 tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”
[27:21] 81 tn The infinitive κερδῆσαι (kerdhsai) has been translated as resultative.
[27:22] 82 tn The same verb is used for Paul’s original recommendation in Ac 27:9.
[27:22] 83 tn Grk “except the ship.” Here “but” is used to translate the improper preposition πλήν (plhn; see BDAG 826 s.v. πλήν 2) since an exception like this, where two different categories of objects are involved (people and a ship), is more naturally expressed in contemporary English with an adversative (“but”). The words “will be lost” are also supplied for clarity.
[27:23] 84 tn Grk “of whom I am.” The relative clause with its possessive was translated following L&N 15.86 s.v. παρίσταμαι.
[27:23] 86 tn Or “stood by me.” BDAG 778 s.v. παρίστημι/παριστάνω 2.a.α states, “approach, come τινί (to) someone…Ac 9:39; 27:23.”
[27:24] 87 tn Grk “came to me saying.” The participle λέγων (legwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:24] 88 tn BDAG 778 s.v. παρίστημι/παριστάνω 2.a.α states, “Also as a t.t. of legal usage appear before, come before…Καίσαρι σε δεῖ παραστῆναι you must stand before the Emperor (as judge) Ac 27:24.” See Acts 23:11. Luke uses the verb δεῖ (dei) to describe what must occur.
[27:24] 89 tn Or “before the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).
[27:24] 90 tn Grk “God has graciously granted you all who are sailing with you.” The words “the safety of” have been supplied to clarify the meaning of the verb κεχάρισται (kecaristai) in this context.
[27:25] 91 tn BDAG 817 s.v. πιστεύω 1.c states, “w. pers. and thing added π. τινί τι believe someone with regard to someth….W. dat. of pers. and ὅτι foll…. πιστεύετέ μοι ὅτι ἐγὼ ἐν τῷ πατρί J 14:11a. Cp. 4:21; Ac 27:25.”
[27:26] 92 tn This is another use of δεῖ (dei) to indicate necessity (see also v. 24). Acts 28:1 shows the fulfillment of this.
[27:27] 93 tn Here “being driven” has been used to translate διαφέρω (diaferw) rather than “drifting,” because it is clear from the attempt to drop anchors in v. 29 that the ship is still being driven by the gale. “Drifting” implies lack of control, but not necessarily rapid movement.
[27:27] 94 sn The Adriatic Sea. They were now somewhere between Crete and Malta.
[27:27] 95 tn Grk “suspected that some land was approaching them.” BDAG 876 s.v. προσάγω 2.a states, “lit. ὑπενόουν προσάγειν τινά αὐτοῖς χώραν they suspected that land was near (lit. ‘approaching them’) Ac 27:27.” Current English idiom would speak of the ship approaching land rather than land approaching the ship.
[27:28] 96 tn Grk “Heaving the lead, they found.” The participle βολίσαντες (bolisante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. See also BDAG 180 s.v. βολίζω. Although the term is used twice in this verse (and thus is technically not a NT hapax legomenon), it occurs nowhere else in the NT.
[27:28] 97 sn A fathom is about 6 feet or just under 2 meters (originally the length of a man’s outstretched arms). This was a nautical technical term for measuring the depth of water. Here it was about 120 ft (36 m).
[27:28] 98 tn L&N 15.12, “βραχὺ δὲ διαστήσαντες ‘when they had gone a little farther’ Ac 27:28.”
[27:28] 99 sn Here the depth was about 90 ft (27 m).
[27:29] 100 tn Grk “fearing.” The participle φοβούμενοι (foboumenoi) has been translated as a causal adverbial participle.
[27:29] 101 tn Grk “against a rough [rocky] place.” L&N 79.84 has “φοβούμενοί τε μή που κατὰ τραχεῖς τόποις ἐκπέσωμεν ‘we were afraid that we would run aground on the rocky coast’ Ac 27:29.”
[27:29] 102 tn Grk “throwing out…they.” The participle ῥίψαντες (rJiyante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:29] 103 tn BDAG 417 s.v. εὔχομαι 2 states, “wish…τὶ for someth.…Foll. by acc. and inf….Ac 27:29.” The other possible meaning for this term, “pray,” is given in BDAG 417 s.v. 1 and employed by a number of translations (NAB, NRSV, NIV). If this meaning is adopted here, then “prayed for day to come” must be understood metaphorically to mean “prayed that they would live to see the day,” or “prayed that it would soon be day.”
[27:29] 104 tn Grk “and wished for day to come about.”
[27:30] 105 tn BDAG 889 s.v. πρόφασις 2 states, “προφάσει ὡς under the pretext that, pretending that…Ac 27:30.” In other words, some of the sailors gave up hope that such efforts would work and instead attempted to escape while pretending to help.
[27:31] 106 sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.
[27:31] 107 sn The pronoun you is plural in Greek.
[27:32] 108 sn The soldiers cut the ropes. The centurion and the soldiers were now following Paul’s advice by cutting the ropes to prevent the sailors from escaping.
[27:32] 109 tn Or “let it fall away.” According to BDAG 308 s.v. ἐκπίπτω 1 and 2 the meaning of the verb in this verse could be either “fall away” or “drift away.” Either meaning is acceptable, and the choice between them depends almost entirely on how one reconstructs the scene. Since cutting the boat loose would in any case result in it drifting away (whether capsized or not), the meaning “drift away” as a nautical technical term has been used here.
[27:33] 110 tn BDAG 160 s.v. ἄχρι 1.b.α has “ἄ. οὗ ἡμέρα ἤμελλεν γίνεσθαι until the day began to dawn 27:33.”
[27:33] 111 tn Or “have waited anxiously.” Grk “waiting anxiously.” The participle προσδοκῶντες (prosdokwnte") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:33] 112 tn Or “continued.”
[27:33] 113 tn Grk “having eaten nothing.” The participle προσλαβόμενοι (proslabomenoi) has been translated as a finite verb (with subject “you” supplied) due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:34] 114 tn Or “necessary.” BDAG 873-74 s.v. πρός 1 has “πρ. τῆς σωτηρίας in the interest of safety Ac 27:34”; L&N 27.18 has “‘therefore, I urge you to take some food, for this is important for your deliverance’ or ‘…for your survival’ Ac 27:34.”
[27:34] 115 tn Or “deliverance” (‘salvation’ in a nontheological sense).
[27:35] 116 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[27:35] 117 tn Grk “taking bread, gave thanks.” The participle λαβών (labwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:35] 118 tn Or “before them all,” but here this could be misunderstood to indicate a temporal sequence.
[27:35] 119 tn Grk “and breaking it, he began.” The participle κλάσας (klasas) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:37] 120 tc One early ms (B) and an early version (sa) read “about seventy-six.” For discussion of how this variant probably arose, see F. F. Bruce, The Acts of the Apostles, 465.
[27:37] 121 sn This is a parenthetical note by the author.
[27:38] 122 tn Or “When they had eaten their fill.”
[27:39] 124 tn Or “observed,” “saw.”
[27:39] 125 tn Or “gulf” (BDAG 557 s.v. κόλπος 3).
[27:39] 126 sn A beach would refer to a smooth sandy beach suitable for landing.
[27:40] 127 tn That is, released. Grk “slipping…leaving.” The participles περιελόντες (perielonte") and εἴων (eiwn) have been translated as finite verbs due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:40] 128 tn The term is used of a ship’s anchor. (BDAG 12 s.v. ἄγκυρα a).
[27:40] 129 tn Grk “bands”; possibly “ropes.”
[27:40] 131 tn Grk “hoisting…they.” The participle ἐπάραντες (eparante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:40] 132 tn Grk “sail”; probably a reference to the foresail.
[27:40] 133 tn BDAG 533 s.v. κατέχω 7 states, “hold course, nautical t.t., intr….κατεῖχον εἰς τὸν αἰγιαλόν they headed for the beach Ac 27:40.”
[27:41] 134 tn Grk “fell upon a place of two seas.” The most common explanation for this term is that it refers to a reef or sandbar with the sea on both sides, as noted in BDAG 245 s.v. διθάλασσος: the “τόπος δ. Ac 27:41 is a semantic unit signifying a point (of land jutting out with water on both sides).” However, Greek had terms for a “sandbank” (θῖς [qis], ταινία [tainia]), a “reef” (ἑρμα [Jerma]), “strait” (στενόν [stenon]), “promontory” (ἀρωτήρον [arwthron]), and other nautical hazards, none of which are used by the author here. NEB here translates τόπον διθάλασσον (topon diqalasson) as “cross-currents,” a proposal close to that advanced by J. M. Gilchrist, “The Historicity of Paul’s Shipwreck,” JSNT 61 (1996): 29-51, who suggests the meaning is “a patch of cross-seas,” where the waves are set at an angle to the wind, a particular hazard for sailors. Thus the term most likely refers to some sort of adverse sea conditions rather than a topographical feature like a reef or sandbar.
[27:41] 135 tn Or “violence” (BDAG 175 s.v. βία a).
[27:42] 136 sn The soldiers’ plan was to kill the prisoners. The issue here was not cruelty, but that the soldiers would be legally responsible if any prisoners escaped and would suffer punishment themselves. So they were planning to do this as an act of self-preservation. See Acts 16:27 for a similar incident.
[27:42] 137 tn The participle ἐκκολυμβήσας (ekkolumbhsa") has been taken instrumentally.
[27:43] 138 sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.
[27:43] 139 tn Or “wanting to rescue Paul.”
[27:43] 140 tn BDAG 347 s.v. I. ἔξειμι has “ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν get to land Ac 27:43.”
[27:44] 141 tn The words “were to follow” are not in the Greek text, but are implied. They must be supplied to clarify the sense in contemporary English.
[27:44] 142 tn Or “boards” according to BDAG 913 s.v. σανίς.
[27:44] 143 tn Grk “on pieces from the ship”; that is, pieces of wreckage from the ship.
[27:44] 144 tn Grk “And in this way it happened that.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.
[28:1] 145 tn Grk “We having been brought safely through” [to land] (same verb as 27:44). The word “shore” is implied, and the slight variations in translation from 27:44 have been made to avoid redundancy in English. The participle διασωθέντες (diaswqente") has been taken temporally.
[28:1] 146 sn Malta is an island (known by the same name today) in the Mediterranean Sea south of Sicily. The ship had traveled 625 mi (1,000 km) in the storm.
[28:2] 147 tn Although this is literally βάρβαροι (barbaroi; “foreigners, barbarians”) used for non-Greek or non-Romans, as BDAG 166 s.v. βάρβαρος 2.b notes, “Of the inhabitants of Malta, who apparently spoke in their native language Ac 28:2, 4 (here β. certainly without derogatory tone…).”
[28:2] 148 tn BDAG 1019 s.v. τυγχάνω 2.d states, “δυνάμεις οὐ τὰς τυχούσας extraordinary miracles Ac 19:11. Cp. 28:2.”
[28:2] 149 tn Or “because it was about to rain.” BDAG 418 s.v. ἐφίστημι 4 states, “διὰ τ. ὑετὸν τὸν ἐφεστῶτα because it had begun to rain Ac 28:2…But the mng. here could also be because it threatened to rain (s. 6).”
[28:4] 151 tn Although this is literally βάρβαροι (barbaroi; “foreigners, barbarians”) used for non-Greek or non-Romans, as BDAG 166 s.v. βάρβαρος 2.b notes, “Of the inhabitants of Malta, who apparently spoke in their native language Ac 28:2, 4 (here β. certainly without derogatory tone…).”
[28:4] 152 tn Grk “his”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[28:4] 153 tn That is, the goddess Justice has not allowed him to live. BDAG 250 s.v. δίκη 2 states, “Justice personified as a deity Ac 28:4”; L&N 12.27, “a goddess who personifies justice in seeking out and punishing the guilty – ‘the goddess Justice.’ ἡ δίκη ζῆν οὐκ εἴασεν ‘the goddess Justice would not let him live’ Ac 28:4.” Although a number of modern English translations have rendered δίκη (dikh) “justice,” preferring to use an abstraction, in the original setting it is almost certainly a reference to a pagan deity. In the translation, the noun “justice” was capitalized and the reflexive pronoun “herself” was supplied to make the personification clear. This was considered preferable to supplying a word like ‘goddess’ in connection with δίκη.
[28:4] 154 sn The entire scene is played out initially as a kind of oracle from the gods resulting in the judgment of a guilty person (Justice herself has not allowed him to live). Paul’s survival of this incident without ill effects thus spoke volumes about his innocence.
[28:5] 155 tn BDAG 737 s.v. οὖν 4 indicates the particle has an adversative sense here: “but, however.”
[28:5] 156 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[28:5] 157 tn Grk “shaking the creature off…he suffered no harm.” The participle ἀποτινάξας (apotinaxa") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[28:6] 158 tn Or “going to burn with fever.” According to BDAG 814 s.v. πίμπρημι, either meaning (“swell up” or “burn with fever”) is possible for Acts 28:6.
[28:6] 159 tn The participle προσδοκώντων (prosdokwntwn) has been taken temporally.
[28:6] 160 tn The participle θεωρούντων (qewrountwn) has been taken temporally.
[28:6] 161 tn Grk “happening.” The participle γινόμενον (ginomenon) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[28:6] 162 tn Grk “changing their minds.” The participle μεταβαλόμενοι (metabalomenoi) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[28:6] 163 sn And said he was a god. The reaction is like Acts 14:11-19 where the crowd wanted to make Paul and Barnabas into gods. The providence of God had protected Paul again.
[28:7] 164 tn BDAG 798 s.v. περί 2.a.γ states, “of nearby places…τὰ περὶ τὸν τὸπον the region around the place Ac 28:7.” The presence of ἐκεῖνον (ekeinon) results in the translation “that place.”
[28:7] 165 tn That is, the chief Roman official. Several inscriptions have confirmed the use of πρῶτος (prwtos) as an administrative title used on the island of Malta for the highest Roman official. See further BDAG 852 s.v. Πόπλιος.
[28:8] 166 tn Grk “It happened that the father.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.
[28:8] 167 tn Grk “to whom Paul going in.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced by a personal pronoun (“him”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation. The participle εἰσελθών (eiselqwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[28:8] 168 tn The participle ἐπιθείς (epiqeis) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[28:8] 169 sn And healed him. Here are healings like Luke 9:40; 10:30; 13:13; Acts 16:23.
[28:9] 170 tn BDAG 142 s.v. ἀσθένεια 1 states, “ἔχειν ἀ. be ill Ac 28:9.”
[28:9] 171 sn Many…also came and were healed. Again, here is irony. Paul, though imprisoned, “frees” others of their diseases.
[28:10] 172 tn Or “they also honored us greatly”; Grk “they also honored us with many honors” (an idiom).
[28:10] 173 tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.” In this case the simpler English “sail” is more appropriate. The English participle “preparing” has also been supplied, since the provisioning of the ship would take place some time before the actual departure.
[28:10] 174 tn BDAG 384 s.v. ἐπιτίθημι 1.b has “give τινί τι someth. to someone…ἀναγομένοις τὰ πρὸς τὰς χρείας when we sailed they gave us what we needed Ac 28:10.”
[28:10] 175 sn They gave us all the supplies we needed. What they had lost in the storm and shipwreck was now replaced. Luke describes these pagans very positively.
[28:11] 176 tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”
[28:11] 177 tn Or “the ‘Twin Gods’”; Grk “the Dioscuri” (a joint name for the pagan deities Castor and Pollux).
[28:11] 178 tn Or “as its emblem.”
[28:12] 179 tn Grk “And putting in.” The participle καταχθέντες (katacqente") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. On the meaning of the participle, BDAG 516 s.v. κατάγω states, “Hence the pass., in act. sense, of ships and seafarers put in εἴς τι at a harbor…εἰς Συρακούσας Ac 28:12.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.
[28:12] 180 sn Syracuse was a city on the eastern coast of the island of Sicily. It was 75 mi (120 km) from Malta.
[28:13] 181 tc A few early
[28:13] 182 sn Rhegium was a city on the southern tip of Italy. It was 80 mi (130 km) from Syracuse.
[28:13] 183 tn Grk “after one day, a south wind springing up, on the second day.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle ἐπιγενομένου (epigenomenou) has been translated as a clause with a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[28:13] 184 sn Puteoli was a city on the western coast of Italy south of Rome. It was in the Bay of Naples some 220 mi (350 km) to the north of Rhegium. Here the voyage ended; the rest of the journey was by land.
[28:14] 185 tn Grk “where.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“where”) has been replaced with the demonstrative pronoun (“there”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation.
[28:14] 186 tn Grk “finding.” The participle εὑρόντες (Jeurontes) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[28:14] 187 sn That is, some fellow Christians.
[28:14] 188 map For location see JP4 A1.
[28:15] 189 sn Mention of Christian brothers from there (Rome) shows that God’s message had already spread as far as Italy and the capital of the empire.
[28:15] 190 sn The Forum of Appius was a small traveler’s stop on the Appian Way about 43 mi (71 km) south of Rome (BDAG 125 s.v. ᾿Αππίου φόρον). It was described by Horace as “crammed with boatmen and stingy tavernkeepers” (Satires 1.5.3).
[28:15] 191 sn Three Taverns was a stop on the Appian Way 33 mi (55 km) south of Rome.
[28:15] 192 tn Grk “whom, when he saw [them], Paul.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced by the personal pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation.
