Acts 4:1

The Arrest and Trial of Peter and John

4:1 While Peter and John ¹  were speaking to the people, the priests and the commander ²  of the temple guard ³  and the Sadducees ⁴  came up ⁵  to them,

Acts 28:1-31

Paul on Malta

28:1 After we had safely reached shore, ⁶  we learned that the island was called Malta. ⁷  28:2 The local inhabitants ⁸  showed us extraordinary ⁹  kindness, for they built a fire and welcomed us all because it had started to rain ¹⁰  and was cold. 28:3 When Paul had gathered a bundle of brushwood ¹¹  and was putting it on the fire, a viper came out because of the heat and fastened itself on his hand. 28:4 When the local people ¹²  saw the creature hanging from Paul’s ¹³  hand, they said to one another, “No doubt this man is a murderer! Although he has escaped from the sea, Justice herself ¹⁴  has not allowed him to live!” ¹⁵  28:5 However, ¹⁶  Paul ¹⁷  shook ¹⁸  the creature off into the fire and suffered no harm. 28:6 But they were expecting that he was going to swell up ¹⁹  or suddenly drop dead. So after they had waited ²⁰  a long time and had seen ²¹  nothing unusual happen ²²  to him, they changed their minds ²³  and said he was a god. ²⁴ 

28:7 Now in the region around that place ²⁵  were fields belonging to the chief official ²⁶  of the island, named Publius, who welcomed us and entertained us hospitably as guests for three days. 28:8 The father ²⁷  of Publius lay sick in bed, suffering from fever and dysentery. Paul went in to see him ²⁸  and after praying, placed ²⁹  his hands on him and healed ³⁰  him. 28:9 After this had happened, many of the people on the island who were sick ³¹  also came and were healed. ³²  28:10 They also bestowed many honors, ³³  and when we were preparing to sail, ³⁴  they gave ³⁵  us all the supplies we needed. ³⁶ 

Paul Finally Reaches Rome

28:11 After three months we put out to sea ³⁷  in an Alexandrian ship that had wintered at the island and had the “Heavenly Twins” ³⁸  as its figurehead. ³⁹  28:12 We put in ⁴⁰  at Syracuse ⁴¹  and stayed there three days. 28:13 From there we cast off ⁴²  and arrived at Rhegium, ⁴³  and after one day a south wind sprang up ⁴⁴  and on the second day we came to Puteoli. ⁴⁵  28:14 There ⁴⁶  we found ⁴⁷  some brothers ⁴⁸  and were invited to stay with them seven days. And in this way we came to Rome. ⁴⁹  28:15 The brothers from there, ⁵⁰  when they heard about us, came as far as the Forum of Appius ⁵¹  and Three Taverns ⁵²  to meet us. When he saw them, ⁵³  Paul thanked God and took courage. 28:16 When we entered Rome, Paul was allowed to live ⁵⁴  by himself, with the soldier who was guarding him.

Paul Addresses the Jewish Community in Rome

28:17 After three days ⁵⁵  Paul ⁵⁶  called the local Jewish leaders ⁵⁷  together. When they had assembled, he said to them, “Brothers, ⁵⁸  although I had done ⁵⁹  nothing against our people or the customs of our ancestors, ⁶⁰  from Jerusalem ⁶¹  I was handed over as a prisoner to the Romans. ⁶²  28:18 When ⁶³  they had heard my case, ⁶⁴  they wanted to release me, ⁶⁵  because there was no basis for a death sentence ⁶⁶  against me. 28:19 But when the Jews objected, ⁶⁷  I was forced to appeal to Caesar ⁶⁸  – not that I had some charge to bring ⁶⁹  against my own people. ⁷⁰  28:20 So for this reason I have asked to see you and speak with you, for I am bound with this chain because of the hope of Israel.” ⁷¹  28:21 They replied, ⁷²  “We have received no letters from Judea about you, nor have any of the brothers come from there ⁷³  and reported or said anything bad about you. 28:22 But we would like to hear from you what you think, for regarding this sect we know ⁷⁴  that people ⁷⁵  everywhere speak against ⁷⁶  it.”

28:23 They set ⁷⁷  a day to meet with him, ⁷⁸  and they came to him where he was staying ⁷⁹  in even greater numbers. ⁸⁰  From morning until evening he explained things ⁸¹  to them, ⁸²  testifying ⁸³  about the kingdom of God ⁸⁴  and trying to convince ⁸⁵  them about Jesus from both the law of Moses and the prophets. 28:24 Some were convinced ⁸⁶  by what he said, ⁸⁷  but others refused ⁸⁸  to believe. 28:25 So they began to leave, ⁸⁹  unable to agree among themselves, after Paul made one last statement: “The Holy Spirit spoke rightly to your ancestors ⁹⁰  through the prophet Isaiah 28:26 when he said,

‘Go to this people and say,

“You will keep on hearing, ⁹¹  but will never understand,

and you will keep on looking, ⁹²  but will never perceive.

28:27 For the heart of this people has become dull, ⁹³ 

and their ears are hard of hearing, ⁹⁴ 

and they have closed their eyes,

so that they would not see with their eyes

and hear with their ears

and understand with their heart

and turn, ⁹⁵  and I would heal them.”’ ⁹⁶ 

28:28 “Therefore be advised ⁹⁷  that this salvation from God ⁹⁸  has been sent to the Gentiles; ⁹⁹  they ¹⁰⁰  will listen!”

28:29 [[EMPTY]] ¹⁰¹ 

28:30 Paul ¹⁰²  lived ¹⁰³  there two whole years in his own rented quarters ¹⁰⁴  and welcomed ¹⁰⁵  all who came to him, 28:31 proclaiming the kingdom of God and teaching about the Lord Jesus Christ ¹⁰⁶  with complete boldness ¹⁰⁷  and without restriction. ¹⁰⁸ 

[4:1]  ¹ tn Grk “While they”; the referents (Peter and John) have been specified in the translation for clarity.

[4:1]  ² tn Or “captain.”

[4:1]  ³ tn Grk “the official of the temple,” a title for the commander of the Jewish soldiers guarding the temple (thus the translation, “the commander of the temple guard”). See L&N 37.91.

[4:1]  ⁴ sn The Sadducees controlled the official political structures of Judaism at this time, being the majority members of the Sanhedrin. They were known as extremely strict on law and order issues (Josephus, J. W. 2.8.2 [2.119], 2.8.14 [2.164-166]; Ant. 13.5.9 [13.171-173], 13.10.6 [13.293-298], 18.1.2 [18.11], 18.1.4 [18.16-17], 20.9.1 [20.199]; Life 2 [10-11]). See also Matt 3:7; 16:1-12; 22:23-34; Mark 12:18-27; Luke 20:27-38; Acts 5:17; 23:6-8.

[4:1]  ⁵ tn Or “approached.” This verb often denotes a sudden appearing (BDAG 418 s.v. ἐφίστημι 1).

[28:1]  ⁶ tn Grk “We having been brought safely through” [to land] (same verb as 27:44). The word “shore” is implied, and the slight variations in translation from 27:44 have been made to avoid redundancy in English. The participle διασωθέντες (diaswqente") has been taken temporally.

[28:1]  ⁷ sn Malta is an island (known by the same name today) in the Mediterranean Sea south of Sicily. The ship had traveled 625 mi (1,000 km) in the storm.

[28:2]  ¹¹ tn Although this is literally βάρβαροι (barbaroi; “foreigners, barbarians”) used for non-Greek or non-Romans, as BDAG 166 s.v. βάρβαρος 2.b notes, “Of the inhabitants of Malta, who apparently spoke in their native language Ac 28:2, 4 (here β. certainly without derogatory tone…).”

[28:2]  ¹² tn BDAG 1019 s.v. τυγχάνω 2.d states, “δυνάμεις οὐ τὰς τυχούσας extraordinary miracles Ac 19:11. Cp. 28:2.”

[28:2]  ¹³ tn Or “because it was about to rain.” BDAG 418 s.v. ἐφίστημι 4 states, “διὰ τ. ὑετὸν τὸν ἐφεστῶτα because it had begun to rain Ac 28:2…But the mng. here could also be because it threatened to rain (s. 6).”

[28:3]  ¹⁶ tn Or “sticks.”

[28:4]  ²¹ tn Although this is literally βάρβαροι (barbaroi; “foreigners, barbarians”) used for non-Greek or non-Romans, as BDAG 166 s.v. βάρβαρος 2.b notes, “Of the inhabitants of Malta, who apparently spoke in their native language Ac 28:2, 4 (here β. certainly without derogatory tone…).”

[28:4]  ²² tn Grk “his”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[28:4]  ²³ tn That is, the goddess Justice has not allowed him to live. BDAG 250 s.v. δίκη 2 states, “Justice personified as a deity Ac 28:4”; L&N 12.27, “a goddess who personifies justice in seeking out and punishing the guilty – ‘the goddess Justice.’ ἡ δίκη ζῆν οὐκ εἴασεν ‘the goddess Justice would not let him live’ Ac 28:4.” Although a number of modern English translations have rendered δίκη (dikh) “justice,” preferring to use an abstraction, in the original setting it is almost certainly a reference to a pagan deity. In the translation, the noun “justice” was capitalized and the reflexive pronoun “herself” was supplied to make the personification clear. This was considered preferable to supplying a word like ‘goddess’ in connection with δίκη.

[28:4]  ²⁴ sn The entire scene is played out initially as a kind of oracle from the gods resulting in the judgment of a guilty person (Justice herself has not allowed him to live). Paul’s survival of this incident without ill effects thus spoke volumes about his innocence.

[28:5]  ²⁶ tn BDAG 737 s.v. οὖν 4 indicates the particle has an adversative sense here: “but, however.”

[28:5]  ²⁷ tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[28:5]  ²⁸ tn Grk “shaking the creature off…he suffered no harm.” The participle ἀποτινάξας (apotinaxa") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:6]  ³¹ tn Or “going to burn with fever.” According to BDAG 814 s.v. πίμπρημι, either meaning (“swell up” or “burn with fever”) is possible for Acts 28:6.

[28:6]  ³² tn The participle προσδοκώντων (prosdokwntwn) has been taken temporally.

[28:6]  ³³ tn The participle θεωρούντων (qewrountwn) has been taken temporally.

[28:6]  ³⁴ tn Grk “happening.” The participle γινόμενον (ginomenon) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:6]  ³⁵ tn Grk “changing their minds.” The participle μεταβαλόμενοι (metabalomenoi) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:6]  ³⁶ sn And said he was a god. The reaction is like Acts 14:11-19 where the crowd wanted to make Paul and Barnabas into gods. The providence of God had protected Paul again.

[28:7]  ³⁶ tn BDAG 798 s.v. περί 2.a.γ states, “of nearby places…τὰ περὶ τὸν τὸπον the region around the place Ac 28:7.” The presence of ἐκεῖνον (ekeinon) results in the translation “that place.”

[28:7]  ³⁷ tn That is, the chief Roman official. Several inscriptions have confirmed the use of πρῶτος (prwtos) as an administrative title used on the island of Malta for the highest Roman official. See further BDAG 852 s.v. Πόπλιος.

[28:8]  ⁴¹ tn Grk “It happened that the father.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[28:8]  ⁴² tn Grk “to whom Paul going in.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced by a personal pronoun (“him”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation. The participle εἰσελθών (eiselqwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:8]  ⁴³ tn The participle ἐπιθείς (epiqeis) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:8]  ⁴⁴ sn And healed him. Here are healings like Luke 9:40; 10:30; 13:13; Acts 16:23.

[28:9]  ⁴⁶ tn BDAG 142 s.v. ἀσθένεια 1 states, “ἔχειν ἀ. be ill Ac 28:9.”

[28:9]  ⁴⁷ sn Many…also came and were healed. Again, here is irony. Paul, though imprisoned, “frees” others of their diseases.

[28:10]  ⁵¹ tn Or “they also honored us greatly”; Grk “they also honored us with many honors” (an idiom).

[28:10]  ⁵² tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.” In this case the simpler English “sail” is more appropriate. The English participle “preparing” has also been supplied, since the provisioning of the ship would take place some time before the actual departure.

[28:10]  ⁵³ tn BDAG 384 s.v. ἐπιτίθημι 1.b has “give τινί τι someth. to someone…ἀναγομένοις τὰ πρὸς τὰς χρείας when we sailed they gave us what we needed Ac 28:10.”

[28:10]  ⁵⁴ sn They gave us all the supplies we needed. What they had lost in the storm and shipwreck was now replaced. Luke describes these pagans very positively.

[28:11]  ⁵⁶ tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”

[28:11]  ⁵⁷ tn Or “the ‘Twin Gods’”; Grk “the Dioscuri” (a joint name for the pagan deities Castor and Pollux).

[28:11]  ⁵⁸ tn Or “as its emblem.”

[28:12]  ⁶¹ tn Grk “And putting in.” The participle καταχθέντες (katacqente") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. On the meaning of the participle, BDAG 516 s.v. κατάγω states, “Hence the pass., in act. sense, of ships and seafarers put in εἴς τι at a harbor…εἰς Συρακούσας Ac 28:12.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.

[28:12]  ⁶² sn Syracuse was a city on the eastern coast of the island of Sicily. It was 75 mi (120 km) from Malta.

[28:13]  ⁶⁶ tc A few early mss (א* B Ψ [gig] {sa [bo]}) read περιελόντες (perielonte", “[From there we] cast off [and arrived at Rhegium]”; cf. Acts 27:40). The other major variant, περιελθόντες (perielqonte", “[we] sailed from place to place”), is found in Ì⁷⁴ א² A 066 1739 Ï lat sy. Although περιελόντες is minimally attested, it is found in the better witnesses. As well, it is a more difficult reading, for its meaning as a nautical term is uncertain, requiring something like “τὰς ἀγκύρας be supplied = ‘we weighed anchor’” (BDAG 799 s.v. περιαιρέω 1). It thus best explains the rise of the other readings.

[28:13]  ⁶⁷ sn Rhegium was a city on the southern tip of Italy. It was 80 mi (130 km) from Syracuse.

[28:13]  ⁶⁸ tn Grk “after one day, a south wind springing up, on the second day.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle ἐπιγενομένου (epigenomenou) has been translated as a clause with a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:13]  ⁶⁹ sn Puteoli was a city on the western coast of Italy south of Rome. It was in the Bay of Naples some 220 mi (350 km) to the north of Rhegium. Here the voyage ended; the rest of the journey was by land.

[28:14]  ⁷¹ tn Grk “where.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“where”) has been replaced with the demonstrative pronoun (“there”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation.

[28:14]  ⁷² tn Grk “finding.” The participle εὑρόντες (Jeurontes) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:14]  ⁷³ sn That is, some fellow Christians.

[28:14]  ⁷⁴ map For location see JP4 A1.

[28:15]  ⁷⁶ sn Mention of Christian brothers from there (Rome) shows that God’s message had already spread as far as Italy and the capital of the empire.

[28:15]  ⁷⁷ sn The Forum of Appius was a small traveler’s stop on the Appian Way about 43 mi (71 km) south of Rome (BDAG 125 s.v. ᾿Αππίου φόρον). It was described by Horace as “crammed with boatmen and stingy tavernkeepers” (Satires 1.5.3).

[28:15]  ⁷⁸ sn Three Taverns was a stop on the Appian Way 33 mi (55 km) south of Rome.

[28:15]  ⁷⁹ tn Grk “whom, when he saw [them], Paul.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced by the personal pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation.

[28:16]  ⁸¹ tn Or “to stay.”

[28:17]  ⁸⁶ tn Grk “It happened that after three days.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.

[28:17]  ⁸⁷ tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[28:17]  ⁸⁸ tn L&N 33.309 has “‘after three days, he called the local Jewish leaders together’ Ac 28:17.”

[28:17]  ⁸⁹ tn Grk “Men brothers,” but this is both awkward and unnecessary in English.

[28:17]  ⁹⁰ tn The participle ποιήσας (poihsas) has been translated as a concessive adverbial participle.

[28:17]  ⁹¹ tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”

[28:17]  ⁹² map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[28:17]  ⁹³ tn Grk “into the hands of the Romans,” but this is redundant when παρεδόθην (paredoqhn) has been translated “handed over.”

[28:18]  ⁹¹ tn Grk “who when.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“who”) has been replaced by the personal pronoun (“they”) and a new sentence begun at this point in the translation.

[28:18]  ⁹² tn Or “had questioned me”; or “had examined me.” BDAG 66 s.v. ἀνακρίνω 2 states, “to conduct a judicial hearing, hear a case, question.”

[28:18]  ⁹³ sn They wanted to release me. See Acts 25:23-27.

[28:18]  ⁹⁴ tn Grk “no basis for death,” but in this context a sentence of death is clearly indicated.

[28:19]  ⁹⁶ tn That is, objected to my release.

[28:19]  ⁹⁷ tn Or “to the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).

[28:19]  ⁹⁸ tn BDAG 533 s.v. κατηγορέω 1 states, “nearly always as legal t.t.: bring charges in court.” L&N 33.427 states for κατηγορέω, “to bring serious charges or accusations against someone, with the possible connotation of a legal or court context – ‘to accuse, to bring charges.’”

[28:19]  ⁹⁹ tn Or “my own nation.”

[28:20]  ¹⁰¹ sn The hope of Israel. A reference to Israel’s messianic hope. Paul’s preaching was in continuity with this Jewish hope (Acts 1:3; 8:12; 14:22; 19:8; 20:25).

[28:21]  ¹⁰⁶ tn Grk “they said to him.”

[28:21]  ¹⁰⁷ tn Or “arrived”; Grk “come” (“from there” is implied). Grk “coming.” The participle παραγενόμενος (paragenomeno") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:22]  ¹¹¹ tn Grk “regarding this sect it is known to us.” The passive construction “it is known to us” has been converted to an active one to simplify the translation.

[28:22]  ¹¹² tn Grk “that everywhere it is spoken against.” To simplify the translation the passive construction “it is spoken against” has been converted to an active one with the subject “people” supplied.

[28:22]  ¹¹³ tn On the term translated “speak against,” see BDAG 89 s.v. ἀντιλέγω 1.

[28:23]  ¹¹⁶ tn Grk “Having set.” The participle ταξάμενοι (taxamenoi) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[28:23]  ¹¹⁷ tn Grk “Having set a day with him”; the words “to meet” are not in the Greek text, but are implied.

[28:23]  ¹¹⁸ tn Or “came to him in his rented quarters.”

[28:23]  ¹¹⁹ tn BDAG 848 s.v. πολύς 1.b.β.ב states, “(even) more πλείονες in even greater numbers Ac 28:23.”

[28:23]  ¹²⁰ tn The word “things” is not in the Greek text, but has been supplied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[28:23]  ¹²¹ tn Grk “to whom he explained.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) has been replaced by the pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence begun at this point in the translation.

[28:23]  ¹²² tn BDAG 233 s.v. διαμαρτύρομαι 1 has “to make a solemn declaration about the truth of someth. testify of, bear witness to (orig. under oath)…God’s kingdom 28:23.”

[28:23]  ¹²³ sn Testifying about the kingdom of God. The topic is important. Paul’s preaching was about the rule of God and his promise in Jesus. Paul’s text was the Jewish scriptures.

[28:23]  ¹²⁴ tn Or “persuade.”

[28:24]  ¹²¹ tn Or “persuaded.”

[28:24]  ¹²² tn Grk “by the things spoken.”

[28:24]  ¹²³ sn Some were convinced…but others refused to believe. Once again the gospel caused division among Jews, as in earlier chapters of Acts (13:46; 18:6).

[28:25]  ¹²⁶ tn The imperfect verb ἀπελύοντο (apeluonto) has been translated as an ingressive imperfect.

[28:25]  ¹²⁷ tn Or “forefathers”; Grk “fathers.”

[28:26]  ¹³¹ tn Grk “you will hear with hearing” (an idiom).

[28:26]  ¹³² tn Or “seeing”; Grk “you will look by looking” (an idiom).

[28:27]  ¹³⁶ tn Or “insensitive.”

[28:27]  ¹³⁷ tn Grk “they hear heavily with their ears” (an idiom for slow comprehension).

[28:27]  ¹³⁸ sn Note how the failure to respond to the message of the gospel is seen as a failure to turn.

[28:27]  ¹³⁹ sn A quotation from Isa 6:9-10.

[28:28]  ¹⁴¹ tn Grk “Therefore let it be known to you.”

[28:28]  ¹⁴² tn Or “of God.”

[28:28]  ¹⁴³ sn The term Gentiles is in emphatic position in the Greek text of this clause. Once again there is the pattern: Jewish rejection of the gospel leads to an emphasis on Gentile inclusion (Acts 13:44-47).

[28:28]  ¹⁴⁴ tn Grk “they also.”

[28:29]  ¹⁴⁶ tc Some later mss include 28:29: “When he had said these things, the Jews departed, having a great dispute among themselves.” Verse 29 is lacking in Ì^74vid א A B E Ψ 048 33 81 1175 1739 2464 pc and a number of versions. They are included (with a few minor variations) in Ï it and some versions. This verse is almost certainly not a part of the original text of Acts, as it lacks the best credentials. The present translation follows NA²⁷ in omitting the verse number, a procedure also followed by a number of other modern translations.

[28:30]  ¹⁵¹ tn Grk “He”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[28:30]  ¹⁵² tn Or “stayed.”

[28:30]  ¹⁵³ tn Or perhaps, “two whole years at his own expense.” BDAG 654 s.v. μίσθωμα states, “the customary act. mng. ‘contract price, rent’…is not found in our lit. (Ac) and the pass. what is rented, a rented house is a mng. not found outside it (even Ammonius Gramm. [100 ad] p. 93 Valck. knows nothing of it. Hence the transl. at his own expense [NRSV] merits attention) ἐν ἰδίῳ μισθώματι in his own rented lodgings Ac 28:30 (for the idea cp. Jos., Ant. 18, 235).”

[28:30]  ¹⁵⁴ tn Or “and received.”

[28:31]  ¹⁵⁶ tn Or “Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”

[28:31]  ¹⁵⁷ tn Or “openness.”

[28:31]  ¹⁵⁸ sn Proclaiming…with complete boldness and without restriction. Once again Paul’s imprisonment is on benevolent terms. The word of God is proclaimed triumphantly and boldly in Rome. Acts ends with this note: Despite all the attempts to stop it, the message goes forth.