Acts 6:12

6:12 They incited the people, the ¹  elders, and the experts in the law; ²  then they approached Stephen, ³  seized him, and brought him before the council. ⁴ 

Acts 17:19

17:19 So they took Paul and ⁵  brought him to the Areopagus, ⁶  saying, “May we know what this new teaching is that you are proclaiming?

Acts 18:12

Paul Before the Proconsul Gallio

18:12 Now while Gallio ⁷  was proconsul ⁸  of Achaia, ⁹  the Jews attacked Paul together ¹⁰  and brought him before the judgment seat, ¹¹ 

[6:12]  ¹ tn Grk “and the,” but καί (kai) has not been translated since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.

[6:12]  ² tn Or “and the scribes.” See the note on the phrase “experts in the law” in 4:5.

[6:12]  ³ tn Grk “approaching, they seized him”; the referent (Stephen) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[6:12]  ⁴ tn Or “the Sanhedrin” (the highest legal, legislative, and judicial body among the Jews). Stephen suffers just as Peter and John did.

[17:19]  ⁵ tn Grk “him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[17:19]  ⁶ tn Or “to the council of the Areopagus.” See also the term in v. 22.

[18:12]  ⁹ sn Gallio was proconsul of Achaia from a.d. 51-52. This date is one of the firmly established dates in Acts. Lucius Junius Gallio was the son of the rhetorician Seneca and the brother of Seneca the philosopher. The date of Gallio’s rule is established from an inscription (W. Dittenberger, ed., Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum 2.3 no. 8). Thus the event mentioned here is probably to be dated July-October a.d. 51.

[18:12]  ¹⁰ sn The proconsul was the Roman official who ruled over a province traditionally under the control of the Roman senate.

[18:12]  ¹¹ sn Achaia was a Roman province created in 146 b.c. that included the most important parts of Greece (Attica, Boeotia, and the Peloponnesus).

[18:12]  ¹² tn Grk “with one accord.”

[18:12]  ¹³ tn Although BDAG 175 s.v. βῆμα 3 gives the meaning “tribunal” for this verse and a number of modern translations use similar terms (“court,” NIV; “tribunal,” NRSV), there is no need for an alternative translation here since the bema was a standard feature in Greco-Roman cities of the time.