Acts 7:54

Stephen is Killed

7:54 When they heard these things, they became furious ¹  and ground their teeth ²  at him.

Acts 16:19-24

16:19 But when her owners ³  saw their hope of profit ⁴  was gone, they seized ⁵  Paul and Silas and dragged ⁶  them into the marketplace before the authorities. 16:20 When ⁷  they had brought them ⁸  before the magistrates, they said, “These men are throwing our city into confusion. ⁹  They are ¹⁰  Jews 16:21 and are advocating ¹¹  customs that are not lawful for us to accept ¹²  or practice, ¹³  since we are ¹⁴  Romans.”

16:22 The crowd joined the attack ¹⁵  against them, and the magistrates tore the clothes ¹⁶  off Paul and Silas ¹⁷  and ordered them to be beaten with rods. ¹⁸  16:23 After they had beaten them severely, ¹⁹  they threw them into prison and commanded ²⁰  the jailer to guard them securely. 16:24 Receiving such orders, he threw them in the inner cell ²¹  and fastened their feet in the stocks. ²² 

Acts 21:28-31

21:28 shouting, “Men of Israel, ²³  help! This is the man who teaches everyone everywhere against our people, our law, ²⁴  and this sanctuary! ²⁵  Furthermore ²⁶  he has brought Greeks into the inner courts of the temple ²⁷  and made this holy place ritually unclean!” ²⁸  21:29 (For they had seen Trophimus the Ephesian in the city with him previously, and ²⁹  they assumed Paul had brought him into the inner temple courts.) ³⁰  21:30 The whole city was stirred up, ³¹  and the people rushed together. ³²  They seized ³³  Paul and dragged him out of the temple courts, ³⁴  and immediately the doors were shut. 21:31 While they were trying ³⁵  to kill him, a report ³⁶  was sent up ³⁷  to the commanding officer ³⁸  of the cohort ³⁹  that all Jerusalem was in confusion. ⁴⁰ 

Psalms 2:2

2:2 The kings of the earth ⁴¹  form a united front; ⁴² 

the rulers collaborate ⁴³ 

against the Lord and his anointed king. ⁴⁴ 

Revelation 12:12

12:12 Therefore you heavens rejoice, and all who reside in them!

But ⁴⁵  woe to the earth and the sea

because the devil has come down to you!

He ⁴⁶  is filled with terrible anger,

for he knows that he only has a little time!”

[7:54]  ¹ tn This verb, which also occurs in Acts 5:33, means “cut to the quick” or “deeply infuriated” (BDAG 235 s.v. διαπρίω).

[7:54]  ² tn Or “they gnashed their teeth.” This idiom is a picture of violent rage (BDAG 184 s.v. βρύχω). See also Ps 35:16.

[16:19]  ³ tn Or “masters.”

[16:19]  ⁴ tn On this use of ἐργασία (ergasia), see BDAG 390 s.v. 4. It is often the case that destructive practices and commerce are closely tied together.

[16:19]  ⁵ tn Grk “was gone, seizing.” The participle ἐπιλαβόμενοι (epilabomenoi) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[16:19]  ⁶ tn On the term ἕλκω ({elkw) see BDAG 318 s.v. 1.

[16:20]  ⁷ tn Grk “And when.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.

[16:20]  ⁸ tn Grk “having brought them.” The participle ἐπιλαβόμενοι (epilabomenoi) has been taken temporally. It is also possible in English to translate this participle as a finite verb: “they brought them before the magistrates and said.”

[16:20]  ⁹ tn BDAG 309 s.v. ἐκταράσσω has “agitate, cause trouble to, throw into confusion” for the meaning of this verb.

[16:20]  ¹⁰ tn Grk “being Jews, and they are proclaiming.” The participle ὑπάρχοντες (Juparconte") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[16:21]  ¹¹ tn Grk “proclaiming,” but in relation to customs, “advocating” is a closer approximation to the meaning.

[16:21]  ¹² tn Or “acknowledge.”

[16:21]  ¹³ sn Customs that are not lawful for us to accept or practice. Ironically, the charges are similar to those made against Jesus in Luke 23:2, where Jews argued he was “twisting” their customs. The charge has three elements: (1) a racial element (Jewish); (2) a social element (unlawful); and (3) a traditional element (not their customs).

[16:21]  ¹⁴ tn Grk “we being Romans.” The participle οὖσιν (ousin) has been translated as a causal adverbial participle.

[16:22]  ¹⁵ tn L&N 39.50 has “the crowd joined the attack against them” for συνεπέστη (sunepesth) in this verse.

[16:22]  ¹⁶ tn Grk “tearing the clothes off them, the magistrates ordered.” The participle περιρήξαντες (perirhxante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. Although it may be possible to understand the aorist active participle περιρήξαντες in a causative sense (“the magistrates caused the clothes to be torn off Paul and Silas”) in the mob scene that was taking place, it is also possible that the magistrates themselves actively participated. This act was done to prepare them for a public flogging (2 Cor 11:25; 1 Thess 2:2).

[16:22]  ¹⁷ tn Grk “off them”; the referents (Paul and Silas) have been specified in the translation for clarity.

[16:22]  ¹⁸ tn The infinitive ῥαβδίζειν (rJabdizein) means “to beat with rods or sticks” (as opposed to fists or clubs, BDAG 902 s.v. ῥαβδίζω).

[16:23]  ¹⁹ tn Grk “Having inflicted many blows on them.” The participle ἐπιθέντες (epiqente") has been taken temporally. BDAG 384 s.v. ἐπιτίθημι 1.a.β has “inflict blows upon someone” for this expression, but in this context it is simpler to translate in English as “they had beaten them severely.”

[16:23]  ²⁰ tn Grk “commanding.” The participle παραγγείλαντες (parangeilante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[16:24]  ²¹ tn Or “prison.”

[16:24]  ²² tn L&N 6.21 has “stocks” for εἰς τὸ ξύλον (ei" to xulon) here, as does BDAG 685 s.v. ξύλον 2.b. However, it is also possible (as mentioned in L&N 18.12) that this does not mean “stocks” but a block of wood (a log or wooden column) in the prison to which prisoners’ feet were chained or tied. Such a possibility is suggested by v. 26, where the “bonds” (“chains”?) of the prisoners loosened.

[21:28]  ²³ tn Or “Israelite men,” although this is less natural English. The Greek term here is ἀνήρ (anhr), which only exceptionally is used in a generic sense of both males and females. In this context, it is conceivable that this is a generic usage since “the whole crowd” is mentioned in v. 27, although it can also be argued that these remarks were addressed primarily to the men present, even if women were there.

[21:28]  ²⁴ sn The law refers to the law of Moses.

[21:28]  ²⁵ tn Grk “this place.”

[21:28]  ²⁶ tn BDAG 400 s.v. ἔτι 2.b has “ἔ. δὲ καί furthermore…al. ἔ. τε καί…Lk 14:26; Ac 21:28.” This is a continuation of the same sentence in Greek, but due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence and the tendency of contemporary English to use shorter sentences, a new sentence was begun here in the translation.

[21:28]  ²⁷ tn Grk “into the temple.” The specific reference is to the Court of the Sons of Israel (see the note following the term “unclean” at the end of this verse). To avoid giving the modern reader the impression that they entered the temple building itself, the phrase “the inner courts of the temple” has been used in the translation.

[21:28]  ²⁸ tn Or “and has defiled this holy place.”

[21:29]  ²⁹ tn Grk “whom.”

[21:29]  ³⁰ tn On the phrase “inner temple courts” see the note on the word “temple” in v. 28.

[21:30]  ³¹ tn On this term see BDAG 545 s.v. κινέω 2.b.

[21:30]  ³² tn Or “the people formed a mob.” BDAG 967 s.v. συνδρομή has “formation of a mob by pers. running together, running together…ἐγένετο σ. τοῦ λαοῦ the people rushed together Ac 21:30.”

[21:30]  ³³ tn Grk “and seizing.” The participle ἐπιλαβόμενοι (epilabomenoi) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was begun in the translation, and καί (kai) has not been translated here.

[21:30]  ³⁴ tn Grk “out of the temple.” See the note on the word “temple” in v. 28.

[21:31]  ³⁵ tn Grk “seeking.”

[21:31]  ³⁶ tn Or “information” (originally concerning a crime; BDAG 1050 s.v. φάσις).

[21:31]  ³⁷ tn Grk “went up”; this verb is used because the report went up to the Antonia Fortress where the Roman garrison was stationed.

[21:31]  ³⁸ tn Grk “the chiliarch” (an officer in command of a thousand soldiers). In Greek the term χιλίαρχος (ciliarco") literally described the “commander of a thousand,” but it was used as the standard translation for the Latin tribunus militum or tribunus militare, the military tribune who commanded a cohort of 600 men.

[21:31]  ³⁹ sn A cohort was a Roman military unit of about 600 soldiers, one-tenth of a legion.

[21:31]  ⁴⁰ tn BDAG 953 s.v. συγχέω has “Pass. w. act.force be in confusion…ὅλη συγχύννεται ᾿Ιερουσαλήμ 21:31.”

[2:2]  ⁴¹ sn The expression kings of the earth refers somewhat hyperbolically to the kings who had been conquered by and were subject to the Davidic king.

[2:2]  ⁴² tn Or “take their stand.” The Hebrew imperfect verbal form describes their action as underway.

[2:2]  ⁴³ tn Or “conspire together.” The verbal form is a Niphal from יָסַד (yasad). BDB 413-14 s.v. יָסַד defines the verb as “establish, found,” but HALOT 417 s.v. II יסד proposes a homonym meaning “get together, conspire” (an alternate form of סוּד, sud).

[2:2]  ⁴⁴ tn Heb “and against his anointed one.” The Davidic king is the referent (see vv. 6-7).

[12:12]  ⁴⁵ tn The word “But” is not in the Greek text, but the contrast is clearly implied. This is a case of asyndeton (lack of a connective).

[12:12]  ⁴⁶ tn Grk “and is filled,” a continuation of the previous sentence. Because English tends to use shorter sentences (especially when exclamations are involved), a new sentence was started here in the translation.