Discovery BoxDaniel 2:1-28
Context2:1 In the second year of his 1 reign Nebuchadnezzar had many dreams. 2 His mind 3 was disturbed and he suffered from insomnia. 4 2:2 The king issued an order 5 to summon the magicians, astrologers, sorcerers, and wise men 6 in order to explain his dreams to him. 7 So they came and awaited the king’s instructions. 8
2:3 The king told them, “I have had a dream, 9 and I 10 am anxious to understand the dream.” 2:4 The wise men replied to the king: [What follows is in Aramaic 11 ] “O king, live forever! Tell your servants the dream, and we will disclose its 12 interpretation.” 2:5 The king replied 13 to the wise men, “My decision is firm. 14 If you do not inform me of both the dream and its interpretation, you will be dismembered 15 and your homes reduced to rubble! 2:6 But if you can disclose the dream and its interpretation, you will receive from me gifts, a reward, and considerable honor. So disclose to me the dream and its interpretation!” 2:7 They again replied, “Let the king inform us 16 of the dream; then we will disclose its 17 interpretation.” 2:8 The king replied, “I know for sure that you are attempting to gain time, because you see that my decision is firm. 2:9 If you don’t inform me of the dream, there is only one thing that is going to happen to you. 18 For you have agreed among yourselves to report to me something false and deceitful 19 until such time as things might change. So tell me the dream, and I will have confidence 20 that you can disclose its interpretation.”
2:10 The wise men replied to the king, “There is no man on earth who is able to disclose the king’s secret, 21 for no king, regardless of his position and power, has ever requested such a thing from any magician, astrologer, or wise man. 2:11 What the king is asking is too difficult, and no one exists who can disclose it to the king, except for the gods – but they don’t live among mortals!” 22
2:12 Because of this the king got furiously angry 23 and gave orders to destroy all the wise men of Babylon. 2:13 So a decree went out, and the wise men were about 24 to be executed. They also sought 25 Daniel and his friends so that they could be executed.
2:14 Then Daniel spoke with prudent counsel 26 to Arioch, who was in charge of the king’s executioners and who had gone out to execute the wise men of Babylon. 2:15 He inquired of Arioch the king’s deputy, “Why is the decree from the king so urgent?” 27 Then Arioch informed Daniel about the matter. 2:16 So Daniel went in and 28 requested the king to grant him time, that he might disclose the interpretation to the king. 2:17 Then Daniel went to his home and informed his friends Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah of the matter. 2:18 He asked them to pray for mercy from the God of heaven concerning this mystery so that he 29 and his friends would not be destroyed along with the rest of the wise men of Babylon. 2:19 Then in a night vision the mystery was revealed to Daniel. So Daniel praised 30 the God of heaven, 2:20 saying, 31
“Let the name of God 32 be praised 33 forever and ever,
for wisdom and power belong to him.
2:21 He changes times and seasons,
deposing some kings
and establishing others. 34
He gives wisdom to the wise;
he imparts knowledge to those with understanding; 35
2:22 he reveals deep and hidden things.
He knows what is in the darkness,
and light resides with him.
2:23 O God of my fathers, I acknowledge and glorify you,
for you have bestowed wisdom and power on me.
Now you have enabled me to understand what I 36 requested from you.
For you have enabled me to understand the king’s dilemma.” 37
2:24 Then Daniel went in to see 38 Arioch (whom the king had appointed to destroy the wise men of Babylon). He came 39 and said to him, “Don’t destroy the wise men of Babylon! Escort me 40 to the king, and I will disclose the interpretation to him!” 41
2:25 So Arioch quickly ushered Daniel into the king’s presence, saying to him, “I 42 have found a man from the captives of Judah who can make known the interpretation to the king.” 2:26 The king then asked Daniel (whose name was also Belteshazzar), “Are you able to make known to me the dream that I saw, as well as its interpretation?” 2:27 Daniel replied to the king, “The mystery that the king is asking about is such that no wise men, astrologers, magicians, or diviners can possibly disclose it to the king. 2:28 However, there is a God in heaven who reveals mysteries, 43 and he has made known to King Nebuchadnezzar what will happen in the times to come. 44 The dream and the visions you had while lying on your bed 45 are as follows.
[2:1] 1 tn Heb “Nebuchadnezzar’s.” The possessive pronoun is substituted in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[2:1] 2 tn Heb “dreamed dreams.” The plural is used here and in v. 2, but the singular in v. 3. The plural “dreams” has been variously explained. Some interpreters take the plural as denoting an indefinite singular (so GKC 400 §124.o). But it may be that it is describing a stream of related dreams, or a dream state. In the latter case, one might translate: “Nebuchadnezzar was in a trance.” See further, J. A. Montgomery, Daniel (ICC), 142.
[2:1] 4 tn Heb “his sleep left (?) him.” The use of the verb הָיָה (hayah, “to be”) here is unusual. The context suggests a meaning such as “to be finished” or “gone.” Cf. Dan 8:27. Some scholars emend the verb to read נָדְדָה (nadÿdah, “fled”); cf. Dan 6:19. See further, DCH 2:540 s.v. היה I Ni.3; HALOT 244 s.v. היה nif; BDB 227-28 s.v. הָיָה Niph.2.
[2:2] 5 tn Heb “said.” So also in v. 12.
[2:2] 6 tn Heb “Chaldeans.” The term Chaldeans (Hebrew כַּשְׂדִּים, kasdim) is used in the book of Daniel both in an ethnic sense and, as here, to refer to a caste of Babylonian wise men and astrologers.
[2:2] 7 tn Heb “to explain to the king his dreams.”
[2:2] 8 tn Heb “stood before the king.”
[2:3] 9 tn Heb “I have dreamed a dream” (so KJV, ASV).
[2:4] 11 sn Contrary to common belief, the point here is not that the wise men (Chaldeans) replied to the king in the Aramaic language, or that this language was uniquely the language of the Chaldeans. It was this view that led in the past to Aramaic being referred to as “Chaldee.” Aramaic was used as a lingua franca during this period; its origins and usage were not restricted to the Babylonians. Rather, this phrase is better understood as an editorial note (cf. NAB) marking the fact that from 2:4b through 7:28 the language of the book shifts from Hebrew to Aramaic. In 8:1, and for the remainder of the book, the language returns to Hebrew. Various views have been advanced to account for this change of language, most of which are unconvincing. Most likely the change in language is a reflection of stages in the transmission history of the book of Daniel.
[2:5] 13 tn Aram “answered and said,” a common idiom to indicate a reply, but redundant in contemporary English.
[2:5] 14 tn It seems clear from what follows that Nebuchadnezzar clearly recalls the content of the dream, although obviously he does not know what to make of it. By not divulging the dream itself to the would-be interpreters, he intends to find out whether they are simply leading him on. If they can tell him the dream’s content, which he is able to verify, he then can have confidence in their interpretation, which is what eludes him. The translation “the matter is gone from me” (cf. KJV, ASV), suggesting that the king had simply forgotten the dream, is incorrect. The Aramaic word used here (אַזְדָּא, ’azda’) is probably of Persian origin; it occurs in the OT only here and in v. 8. There are two main possibilities for the meaning of the word: “the matter is promulgated by me” (see KBL 1048 s.v.) and therefore “publicly known” (cf. NRSV; F. Rosenthal, Grammar, 62-63, §189), or “the matter is irrevocable” (cf. NAB, NIV, TEV, CEV, NLT; HALOT 1808 s.v. אזד; cf. also BDB 1079 s.v.). The present translation reflects this latter option. See further E. Vogt, Lexicon linguae aramaicae, 3.
[2:5] 15 tn Aram “made limbs.” Cf. 3:29.
[2:7] 16 tn Aram “his servants.”
[2:9] 18 tn Aram “one is your law,” i.e., only one thing is applicable to you.
[2:9] 19 tn Aram “a lying and corrupt word.”
[2:9] 20 tn Aram “I will know.”
[2:10] 21 tn Aram “matter, thing.”
[2:11] 22 tn Aram “whose dwelling is not with flesh.”
[2:12] 23 tn Aram “was angry and very furious.” The expression is a hendiadys (two words or phrases expressing a single idea).
[2:13] 24 tn The Aramaic participle is used here to express the imminent future.
[2:13] 25 tn The impersonal active plural (“they sought”) of the Aramaic verb could also be translated as an English passive: “Daniel and his friends were sought” (cf. NAB).
[2:14] 26 tn Aram “returned prudence and counsel.” The expression is a hendiadys.
[2:15] 27 tn The Aramaic word מְהַחְצְפָה (mÿhakhtsÿfah) may refer to the severity of the king’s decree (i.e., “harsh”; so HALOT 1879 s.v. חצף; BDB 1093 s.v. חֲצַף), although it would seem that in a delicate situation such as this Daniel would avoid this kind of criticism of the king’s actions. The translation above understands the word to refer to the immediacy, not harshness, of the decree. See further, F. Rosenthal, Grammar, 50, §116; E. Vogt, Lexicon linguae aramaicae, 67.
[2:16] 28 tc Theodotion and the Syriac lack the words “went in and.”
[2:18] 29 tn Aram “Daniel.” The proper name is redundant here in English, and has not been included in the translation.
[2:20] 31 tn Aram “Daniel answered and said.”
[2:20] 32 sn As is often the case in the Bible, here the name represents the person.
[2:21] 35 tn Aram “the knowers of understanding.”
[2:23] 36 tn Aram “we.” Various explanations have been offered for the plural, but it is probably best understood as the editorial plural; so also with “me” later in this verse.
[2:23] 37 tn Aram “the word of the king.”
[2:24] 38 tc The MT has עַל עַל (’al ’al, “he entered upon”). Several medieval Hebrew
[2:24] 39 tc The LXX and Vulgate, along with one medieval Hebrew
[2:24] 40 tn Aram “cause me to enter.” So also in v. 25.
[2:25] 42 sn Arioch’s claim is self-serving and exaggerated. It is Daniel who came to him, and not the other way around. By claiming to have found one capable of solving the king’s dilemma, Arioch probably hoped to ingratiate himself to the king.
[2:28] 43 tn Aram “a revealer of mysteries.” The phrase serves as a quasi-title for God in Daniel.
[2:28] 44 tn Aram “in the latter days.”
[2:28] 45 tn Aram “your dream and the visions of your head upon your bed.”
