Daniel 8:4

8:4 I saw that the ram was butting westward, northward, and southward. No animal ¹  was able to stand before it, and there was none who could deliver from its power. ²  It did as it pleased and acted arrogantly. ³ 

Daniel 9:19

9:19 O Lord, hear! O Lord, forgive! O Lord, pay attention, and act! Don’t delay, for your own sake, O my God! For your city and your people are called by your name.” ⁴ 

Daniel 11:7

11:7 “There will arise in his ⁵  place one from her family line ⁶  who will come against their army and will enter the stronghold of the king of the north and will move against them successfully. ⁷ 

Daniel 11:30

11:30 The ships of Kittim ⁸  will come against him, leaving him disheartened. ⁹  He will turn back and direct his indignation against the holy covenant. He will return and honor ¹⁰  those who forsake the holy covenant.

Daniel 11:39

11:39 He will attack ¹¹  mighty fortresses, aided by ¹²  a foreign deity. To those who recognize him he will grant considerable honor. He will place them in authority over many people, and he will parcel out land for a price. ¹³ 

[8:4]  ¹ tn Or “beast” (NAB).

[8:4]  ² tn Heb “hand.” So also in v. 7.

[8:4]  ³ tn In the Hiphil the Hebrew verb גָּדַל (gadal, “to make great; to magnify”) can have either a positive or a negative sense. For the former, used especially of God, see Ps 126:2, 3; Joel 2:21. In this chapter (8:4, 8, 11, 25) the word has a pejorative sense, describing the self-glorification of this king. The sense seems to be that of vainly assuming one’s own superiority through deliberate hubris.

[9:19]  ⁴ tn Heb “for your name is called over your city and your people.” See the note on this expression in v 18.

[11:7]  ⁷ sn The reference is to the king of Egypt.

[11:7]  ⁸ tn Heb “the stock of her roots.”

[11:7]  ⁹ tn Heb “will deal with them and prevail.”

[11:30]  ¹⁰ sn The name Kittim has various designations in extra-biblical literature. It can refer to a location on the island of Cyprus, or more generally to the island itself, or it can be an inclusive term to refer to parts of the Mediterranean world that lay west of the Middle East (e.g., Rome). For ships of Kittim the Greek OT (LXX) has “Romans,” an interpretation followed by a few English versions (e.g., TEV). A number of times in the Dead Sea Scrolls the word is used in reference to the Romans. Other English versions are more generic: “[ships] of the western coastlands” (NIV, NLT); “from the west” (NCV, CEV).

[11:30]  ¹¹ sn This is apparently a reference to the Roman forces, led by Gaius Popilius Laenas, which confronted Antiochus when he came to Egypt and demanded that he withdraw or face the wrath of Rome. Antiochus wisely withdrew from Egypt, albeit in a state of bitter frustration.

[11:30]  ¹² tn Heb “show regard for.”

[11:39]  ¹³ tn Heb “act against.”

[11:39]  ¹⁴ tn Heb “with.”

[11:39]  ¹⁵ tn Or perhaps “for a reward.”