Daniel 8:8

8:8 The male goat acted even more arrogantly. But no sooner had the large horn become strong than it was broken, and there arose four conspicuous horns ¹  in its place, ²  extending toward the four winds of the sky. ³ 

Daniel 8:22

8:22 The horn that was broken ⁴  and in whose place there arose four others stands for four kingdoms that will arise from his nation, though they will not have his strength.

Daniel 11:4-20

11:4 Shortly after his rise to power, ⁵  his kingdom will be broken up and distributed toward the four winds of the sky ⁶  – but not to his posterity or with the authority he exercised, for his kingdom will be uprooted and distributed to others besides these.

11:5 “Then the king of the south ⁷  and one of his subordinates ⁸  will grow strong. His subordinate ⁹  will resist ¹⁰  him and will rule a kingdom greater than his. ¹¹  11:6 After some years have passed, they ¹²  will form an alliance. Then the daughter ¹³  of the king of the south will come to the king of the north to make an agreement, but she will not retain her power, ¹⁴  nor will he continue ¹⁵  in his strength. ¹⁶  She, together with the one who brought her, her child, ¹⁷  and her benefactor will all be delivered over at that time. ¹⁸ 

11:7 “There will arise in his ¹⁹  place one from her family line ²⁰  who will come against their army and will enter the stronghold of the king of the north and will move against them successfully. ²¹  11:8 He will also take their gods into captivity to Egypt, along with their cast images and prized utensils of silver and gold. Then he will withdraw for some years from ²²  the king of the north. 11:9 Then the king of the north ²³  will advance against the empire of the king of the south, but will withdraw to his own land. 11:10 His sons ²⁴  will wage war, mustering a large army which will advance like an overflowing river and carrying the battle all the way to the enemy’s ²⁵  fortress. ²⁶ 

11:11 “Then the king of the south ²⁷  will be enraged and will march out to fight against the king of the north, who will also muster a large army, but that army will be delivered into his hand. 11:12 When the army is taken away, the king of the south will become arrogant. ²⁸  He will be responsible for the death ²⁹  of thousands and thousands of people, ³⁰  but he will not continue to prevail. 11:13 For the king of the north will again muster an army, one larger than before. At the end of some years he will advance with a huge army and enormous supplies.

11:14 “In those times many will oppose ³¹  the king of the south. ³²  Those who are violent ³³  among your own people will rise up in confirmation of ³⁴  the vision, but they will falter. 11:15 Then the king of the north will advance and will build siege mounds and capture a well-fortified city. ³⁵  The forces of the south will not prevail, not even his finest contingents. ³⁶  They will have no strength to prevail. 11:16 The one advancing against him will do as he pleases, and no one will be able to stand before him. He will prevail in the beautiful land, and its annihilation will be within his power. ³⁷  11:17 His intention ³⁸  will be to come with the strength of his entire kingdom, and he will form alliances. ³⁹  He will give the king of the south ⁴⁰  a daughter ⁴¹  in marriage in order to destroy the kingdom, but it will not turn out to his advantage. 11:18 Then he will turn his attention ⁴²  to the coastal regions and will capture many of them. But a commander ⁴³  will bring his shameful conduct to a halt; in addition, ⁴⁴  he will make him pay for his shameful conduct. ⁴⁵  11:19 He will then turn his attention to the fortresses of his own land, but he will stumble and fall, not to be found again. 11:20 There will arise after him ⁴⁶  one ⁴⁷  who will send out an exactor ⁴⁸  of tribute to enhance the splendor of the kingdom, but after a few days he will be destroyed, ⁴⁹  though not in anger or battle.

[8:8]  ¹ tn The word “horns” is not in the Hebrew text, but is implied.

[8:8]  ² sn The four conspicuous horns refer to Alexander’s successors. After his death, Alexander’s empire was divided up among four of his generals: Cassander, who took Macedonia and Greece; Lysimachus, who took Thrace and parts of Asia Minor; Seleucus, who took Syria and territory to its east; and Ptolemy, who took control of Egypt.

[8:8]  ³ tn Or “the heavens.” The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heavens” or “sky” depending on the context.

[8:22]  ⁴ tn Heb “the broken one.” The word “horn” has been supplied in the translation to clarify the referent.

[11:4]  ⁵ tn Heb “and when he stands.”

[11:4]  ⁶ tn Or “the heavens.” The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heavens” or “sky” depending on the context.

[11:5]  ⁷ sn The king of the south is Ptolemy I Soter (ca. 323-285 B.C.). The following reference to one of his subordinates apparently has in view Seleucus I Nicator (ca. 311-280 B.C.). Throughout the remainder of chap. 11 the expressions “king of the south” and “king of the north” repeatedly occur. It is clear, however, that these terms are being used generically to describe the Ptolemaic king (i.e., “of the south”) or the Seleucid king (i.e., “of the north”) who happens to be in power at any particular time. The specific identity of these kings can be established more or less successfully by a comparison of this chapter with the available extra-biblical records that discuss the history of the intertestamental period. In the following notes the generally accepted identifications are briefly mentioned.

[11:5]  ⁸ tn Heb “princes.”

[11:5]  ⁹ tn Heb “and he”; the referent (the subordinate prince mentioned in the previous clause) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[11:5]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “be strong against.”

[11:5]  ¹¹ tn Heb “greater than his kingdom.”

[11:6]  ¹² sn Here they refers to Ptolemy II Philadelphus (ca. 285-246 B.C.) and Antiochus II Theos (ca. 262-246 B.C.).

[11:6]  ¹³ sn The daughter refers to Berenice, who was given in marriage to Antiochus II Theos.

[11:6]  ¹⁴ tn Heb “the strength of the arm.”

[11:6]  ¹⁵ tn Heb “stand.” So also in vv. 7, 8, 11, 13.

[11:6]  ¹⁶ tn Heb “and his arm.” Some understand this to refer to the descendants of the king of the north.

[11:6]  ¹⁷ tc The present translation reads יַלְדָּה (yaldah, “her child”) rather than the MT יֹלְדָהּ (yolÿdah, “the one who begot her”). Cf. Theodotion, the Syriac, and the Vulgate.

[11:6]  ¹⁸ sn Antiochus II eventually divorced Berenice and remarried his former wife Laodice, who then poisoned her husband, had Berenice put to death, and installed her own son, Seleucus II Callinicus (ca. 246-227 B.C.), as the Seleucid king.

[11:7]  ¹⁹ sn The reference is to the king of Egypt.

[11:7]  ²⁰ tn Heb “the stock of her roots.”

[11:7]  ²¹ tn Heb “will deal with them and prevail.”

[11:8]  ²² tn The Hebrew preposition מִן (min) is used here with the verb עָמַד (’amad, “to stand”). It probably has a sense of separation (“stand away from”), although it may also be understood in an adversative sense (“stand against”).

[11:9]  ²³ tn Heb “he”; the referent (the king of the north) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[11:10]  ²⁴ sn The sons of Seleucus II Callinicus were Seleucus III Ceraunus (ca. 227-223 B.C.) and Antiochus III the Great (ca. 223-187 B.C.).

[11:10]  ²⁵ tn Heb “his”; the referent (the enemy of the king of the north) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[11:10]  ²⁶ tn Heb “and he will certainly come and overflow and cross over and return and be aroused unto a fortress.” The translation has attempted to simplify the syntax of this difficult sequence.

[11:11]  ²⁷ sn This king of the south refers to Ptolemy IV Philopator (ca. 221-204 B.C.).

[11:12]  ²⁸ tn Heb “his heart will be lifted up.” The referent (the king of the south) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[11:12]  ²⁹ tn Heb “cause to fall.”

[11:12]  ³⁰ tn Heb “of myriads.”

[11:14]  ³¹ tn Heb “stand against.”

[11:14]  ³² sn This was Ptolemy V Epiphanes (ca. 203-181 B.C.).

[11:14]  ³³ tn Heb “sons of violence.” “Son(s) is sometimes used idiomatically in Hebrew to indicate that someone is characterized by a certain quality. So the expression “sons of violence” means that these individuals will be characterized by violent deeds.

[11:14]  ³⁴ tn Heb “to cause to stand.”

[11:15]  ³⁵ sn This well-fortified city is apparently Sidon. Its capture from the Ptolemies by Antiochus the Great was a strategic victory for the Seleucid kingdom.

[11:15]  ³⁶ tn Or “choice troops” (BDB 104 s.v. מִבְחָר), or “elite troops” (HALOT 542 s.v. מִבְחָר).

[11:16]  ³⁷ tn Heb “hand.”

[11:17]  ³⁸ tn Heb “and he will set his face.” Cf. vv. 18, 19.

[11:17]  ³⁹ tc The present translation reads מֵישָׁרִים (mesharim, “alliances”) for the MT וִישָׁרִים (viysharim, “uprightness”).

[11:17]  ⁴⁰ tn Heb “him”; the referent (the king of the south) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[11:17]  ⁴¹ tn Heb “the daughter of the women.”

[11:18]  ⁴² tn Heb “his face.” See v. 19 as well.

[11:18]  ⁴³ sn The commander is probably the Roman commander, Lucius Cornelius Scipio.

[11:18]  ⁴⁴ tn The Hebrew here is difficult in that the negative בִּלְתִּי (biltiy, “not”) is used in an unusual way. The sense is not entirely clear.

[11:18]  ⁴⁵ tn Heb “his shameful conduct he will return to him.”

[11:20]  ⁴⁶ tn Heb “on his place.”

[11:20]  ⁴⁷ sn The one who will send out an exactor of tribute was Seleucus IV Philopator (ca. 187-176 B.C.).

[11:20]  ⁴⁸ sn Perhaps this exactor of tribute was Heliodorus (cf. 2 Maccabees 3).

[11:20]  ⁴⁹ tn Heb “broken” or “shattered.”