Deuteronomy 17:2

17:2 Suppose a man or woman is discovered among you – in one of your villages ¹  that the Lord your God is giving you – who sins before the Lord your God ²  and breaks his covenant

Joshua 7:11

7:11 Israel has sinned; they have violated my covenantal commandment! ³  They have taken some of the riches; ⁴  they have stolen them and deceitfully put them among their own possessions. ⁵ 

Joshua 23:16

23:16 If you violate the covenantal laws of the Lord your God which he commanded you to keep, ⁶  and follow, worship, and bow down to other gods, ⁷  the Lord will be very angry with you and you will disappear ⁸  quickly from the good land which he gave to you.”

Hosea 6:7

Indictments Against the Cities of Israel and Judah

6:7 At Adam ⁹  they broke ¹⁰  the covenant;

Oh how ¹¹  they were unfaithful ¹²  to me!

Hosea 8:1

God Will Raise Up the Assyrians to Attack Israel

8:1 Sound the alarm! ¹³ 

An eagle ¹⁴  looms over the temple of the Lord!

For they have broken their covenant with me, ¹⁵ 

and have rebelled against my law.

[17:2]  ¹ tn Heb “gates.”

[17:2]  ² tn Heb “does the evil in the eyes of the Lord your God.”

[7:11]  ³ tn Heb “They have violated my covenant which I commanded them.”

[7:11]  ⁴ tn Heb “what was set apart [to the Lord].”

[7:11]  ⁵ tn Heb “and also they have stolen, and also they have lied, and also they have placed [them] among their items.”

[23:16]  ⁶ tn Heb “when you violate the covenant of the Lord your God which he commanded you.”

[23:16]  ⁷ tn Heb “and you walk and serve other gods and bow down to them.”

[23:16]  ⁸ tn Or “perish.”

[6:7]  ⁹ tn Or “Like Adam”; or “Like [sinful] men.” The MT reads כְּאָדָם (kÿ’adam, “like Adam” or “as [sinful] men”); however, the editors of BHS suggest this reflects an orthographic confusion of בְּאָדָם (bÿ’adam, “at Adam”), as suggested by the locative adverb שָׁם (sham, “there”) in the following line. However, שָׁם sometimes functions in a nonlocative sense similar to the deictic particle הִנֵּה (hinneh, “Behold!”). The singular noun אָדָם (’adam) has been taken in several different ways: (1) proper name: “like Adam” (כְּאָדָם), (2) collective singular: “like [sinful] men” (כְּאָדָם), (3) proper location: “at Adam,” referring to a city in the Jordan Valley (Josh 3:16), emending comparative כְּ (kaf) to locative בְּ (bet, “at”): “at Adam” (בְּאָדָם). BDB 9 s.v. אָדָם 2 suggests the collective sense, referring to sinful men (Num 5:6; 1 Kgs 8:46; 2 Chr 6:36; Jer 10:14; Job 31:33; Hos 6:7). The English versions are divided: KJV margin, ASV, RSV margin, NASB, NIV, TEV margin, NLT “like Adam”; RSV, NRSV, TEV “at Adam”; KJV “like men.”

[6:7]  ¹⁰ tn The verb עָבַר (’avar) refers here to breaking a covenant and carries the nuance “to overstep, transgress” (BDB 717 s.v. עָבַר 1.i). Cf. NAB “violated”; NRSV “transgressed.”

[6:7]  ¹¹ tn The adverb שָׁם (sham) normally functions in a locative sense meaning “there” (BDB 1027 s.v. שָׁם). This is how it is translated by many English versions (e.g., KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV). However, in poetry שָׁם sometimes functions in a nonlocative sense to introduce expressions of astonishment or when a scene is vividly visualized in the writer’s imagination (see BDB 1027 s.v. 1.a.β), or somewhat similar to the deictic particle הִנֵּה (hinneh, “Behold!”): “See [שָׁם] how the evildoers lie fallen!” (Ps 36:13); “Listen! The cry on the day of the Lord will be bitter! See [שָׁם]! The shouting of the warrior!” (Zeph 1:14); “They saw [רָאוּ, ra’u] her and were astonished…See [שָׁם] how trembling seized them!” (Ps 48:7). In some cases, it introduces emphatic statements in a manner similar to הִנֵּה (“Behold!”): “Come and see [לְכוּ וּרְאוּ, lÿkhu urÿ’u] what God has done…Behold [שָׁם], let us rejoice in him!” (Ps 66:5); “See/Behold [שָׁם]! I will make a horn grow for David” (Ps 132:17). The present translation’s use of “Oh how!” in Hos 6:7 is less visual than the Hebrew idiom שָׁם (“See! See how!”), but it more closely approximates the parallel English idiom of astonishment.

[6:7]  ¹² tn The verb בָּגַד (bagad, “to act treacherously”) is often used in reference to faithlessness in covenant relationships (BDB 93 s.v. בָּגַד).

[8:1]  ¹³ tn Heb “A horn unto your gums!”; NAB “A trumpet to your lips!”

[8:1]  ¹⁴ tn Or perhaps “A vulture.” Some identify the species indicated by the Hebrew term נֶשֶׁר (nesher) as the griffon vulture (cf. NEB, NRSV).

[8:1]  ¹⁵ tn Heb “my covenant” (so NAB, NIV, NRSV); TEV “the covenant I made with them.”