Deuteronomy 20:8

20:8 In addition, the officers are to say to the troops, “Who among you is afraid and fainthearted? He may go home so that he will not make his fellow soldier’s ¹  heart as fearful ²  as his own.”

Joshua 2:11

2:11 When we heard the news we lost our courage and no one could even breathe for fear of you. ³  For the Lord your God is God in heaven above and on earth below!

Joshua 14:8

14:8 My countrymen ⁴  who accompanied ⁵  me frightened the people, ⁶  but I remained loyal to the Lord my God. ⁷ 

Joshua 14:2

14:2 The land assignments to the nine-and-a-half tribes were made by drawing lots, as the Lord had instructed Moses. ⁸ 

Joshua 17:10

17:10 Ephraim’s territory was to the south, and Manasseh’s to the north. The sea was Manasseh’s ⁹  western border and their territory ¹⁰  touched Asher on the north and Issachar on the east.

Isaiah 13:7

13:7 For this reason all hands hang limp, ¹¹ 

every human heart loses its courage. ¹² 

Nahum 2:10

2:10 Destruction, devastation, and desolation! ¹³ 

Their hearts faint, ¹⁴ 

their knees tremble, ¹⁵ 

each stomach churns, ¹⁶  each face ¹⁷  turns ¹⁸  pale! ¹⁹ 

[20:8]  ¹ tn Heb “his brother’s.”

[20:8]  ² tn Heb “melted.”

[2:11]  ³ tn Heb “And we heard and our heart[s] melted and there remained no longer breath in a man because of you.”

[14:8]  ⁴ tn Heb “brothers.”

[14:8]  ⁵ tn Heb “went up with.”

[14:8]  ⁶ tn Heb “made the heart[s] of the people melt.”

[14:8]  ⁷ tn Heb “I filled up after the Lord my God,” an idiomatic statement meaning that Caleb remained loyal to the Lord.

[14:2]  ⁸ tn Heb “By lot was their inheritance, as the Lord had commanded by Moses, to the nine tribes and the half-tribe.”

[17:10]  ⁹ tn Heb “his”; the referent (Manasseh) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[17:10]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “they”; the referent (their territory) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[13:7]  ¹¹ tn Heb “drop”; KJV “be faint”; ASV “be feeble”; NAB “fall helpless.”

[13:7]  ¹² tn Heb “melts” (so NAB).

[2:10]  ¹³ tn Heb “Emptiness and devastation and being laid waste.” Several English versions attempt to reproduce the assonance, alliteration, and paronomasia of three similarly sounding Hebrew words: בּוּקַָה וּמְבוּקָה וּמְבֻלָּקָה (buqah umÿvuqah umÿvullaqah; NJPS “Desolation, devastation, and destruction!”; NRSV: “Devastation, desolation, and destruction!”).

[2:10]  ¹⁴ tn Heb “and melting heart.”

[2:10]  ¹⁵ tn Heb “and tottering of knees.”

[2:10]  ¹⁶ tn Heb “and shaking in all of the loins.”

[2:10]  ¹⁷ tn Heb “all of their faces.”

[2:10]  ¹⁸ tn Heb “gather” or “withdraw.” The Piel perfect קִבְּצוּ (qibbÿtsu) from קָבַץ (qavats, “to gather”) may be nuanced in the intensive sense “to gather glow; to glow [in excitement]” (HALOT 1063 s.v. קבץ pi. 4) or the privative sense “to take away, withdraw” (BDB 868 s.v. קָבַץ Pi.3). The phrase קִבְּצוּ פָארוּר (qibbÿtsu pa’rur) is very difficult; it occurs only here and in Joel 2:6 which also describes the fearful facial reaction to an invading army. It probably means: (1) to grow red in fear; (2) to grow pale in fear; or (3) to turn ashen in fear. This difficult phrase may be translated by the modern English idioms: “every face grows pale” or “every face flushes red in fear.”

[2:10]  ¹⁹ tn The Hebrew term פָּארוּר (pa’rur) occurs only here and in Joel 2:6 where it also describes a fearful facial reaction. The meaning of פָּארוּר is debated and numerous etymologies have been suggested: (1) From פָּרוּר (parur, “cooking pot”; HALOT 964 s.v. פָּרוּר): LXX τὸ πρόσωπον πάντων ὡς πρόσκαυμα ξύτρας (to proswpon pantwn Jw" proskauma xutra", “all their faces are like a blackened/burned pot”); Vulgate et facies omnium sicut nigredo ollae (“all their faces are like a black pot”); Targum Jonathan (“covered with black like a pot”). This approach is adopted by the KJV and AV: “the faces of them all gather blackness.” (2) From פְּאֵר (pÿ’er, “beauty”). Taking קָבַץ (qavats) in a private sense (“gather in”), several scholars propose: “to draw in beauty, withdraw color,” hence: “their faces grow pale” (NASB, NIV); see K&D 26:192-93; A. Haldar, Studies in the Book of Nahum, 59. (3) From פָּרַר (parar, “break in pieces”). Due to fear, their faces have gathered wrinkles. (4) From IV פּרר (“to boil”), related to Arabic ’pr and Syriac npr (“to boil”): “their faces glow red in excitement” (HALOT 860 s.v.). (5) From פּאר (“grey, ash grey”): “their faces turn grey” (J. J. Gluck, “parur – paárur: A Case of Biblical Paronomasia,” OTWSA 12 [1969]: 21-26). The NJPS translation appears to adopt this approach: “all faces turn ashen.”