Deuteronomy 31:16

31:16 Then the Lord said to Moses, “You are about to die, ¹  and then these people will begin to prostitute themselves with the foreign gods of the land into which they ²  are going. They ³  will reject ⁴  me and break my covenant that I have made with them. ⁵ 

Deuteronomy 31:20

31:20 For after I have brought them ⁶  to the land I promised to their ⁷  ancestors – one flowing with milk and honey – and they ⁸  eat their fill ⁹  and become fat, then they ¹⁰  will turn to other gods and worship them; they will reject me and break my covenant.

Jude 1:10-12

1:10 But these men do not understand the things they slander, and they are being destroyed by the very things that, like irrational animals, they instinctively comprehend. ¹¹  1:11 Woe to them! For they have traveled down Cain’s path, ¹²  and because of greed ¹³  have abandoned themselves ¹⁴  to ¹⁵  Balaam’s error; hence, ¹⁶  they will certainly perish ¹⁷  in Korah’s rebellion. 1:12 These men are ¹⁸  dangerous reefs ¹⁹  at your love feasts, ²⁰  feasting without reverence, ²¹  feeding only themselves. ²²  They are ²³  waterless ²⁴  clouds, carried along by the winds; autumn trees without fruit ²⁵  – twice dead, ²⁶  uprooted;

Jude 1:2

1:2 May mercy, peace, and love be lavished on you! ²⁷ 

Jude 1:14-15

1:14 Now Enoch, the seventh in descent beginning with Adam, ²⁸  even prophesied of them, ²⁹  saying, “Look! The Lord is coming ³⁰  with thousands and thousands ³¹  of his holy ones, 1:15 to execute judgment on ³²  all, and to convict every person ³³  of all their thoroughly ungodly deeds ³⁴  that they have committed, ³⁵  and of all the harsh words that ungodly sinners have spoken against him.” ³⁶ 

Nehemiah 9:26-29

9:26 “Nonetheless they grew disobedient and rebelled against you; they disregarded your law. ³⁷  They killed your prophets who had solemnly admonished them in order to cause them to return to you. They committed atrocious blasphemies. 9:27 Therefore you delivered them into the hand of their adversaries, who oppressed them. But in the time of their distress they called to you, and you heard from heaven. In your abundant compassion you provided them with deliverers to rescue them from ³⁸  their adversaries.

9:28 “Then, when they were at rest again, they went back to doing evil before you. Then you abandoned them to ³⁹  their enemies, and they gained dominion over them. When they again cried out to you, in your compassion you heard from heaven and rescued them time and again. 9:29 And you solemnly admonished them in order to return them to your law, but they behaved presumptuously and did not obey your commandments. They sinned against your ordinances – those by which an individual, if he obeys them, ⁴⁰  will live. They boldly turned from you; ⁴¹  they rebelled ⁴²  and did not obey.

Jeremiah 31:32

31:32 It will not be like the old ⁴³  covenant that I made with their ancestors ⁴⁴  when I delivered them ⁴⁵  from Egypt. For they violated that covenant, even though I was like a faithful husband to them,” ⁴⁶  says the Lord. ⁴⁷ 

[31:16]  ¹ tn Heb “lie down with your fathers” (so NASB); NRSV “ancestors.”

[31:16]  ² tn Heb “he.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “they,” which is necessary in any case in the translation because of contemporary English style. The third person singular also occurs in the Hebrew text twice more in this verse, three times in v. 17, once in v. 18, five times in v. 20, and four times in v. 21. Each time it is translated as third person plural for stylistic reasons.

[31:16]  ³ tn Heb “he.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “they.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.

[31:16]  ⁴ tn Or “abandon” (TEV, NLT).

[31:16]  ⁵ tn Heb “him.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “them.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.

[31:20]  ⁶ tn Heb “him.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “them.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.

[31:20]  ⁷ tn Heb “his.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “their.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.

[31:20]  ⁸ tn Heb “he.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “they.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.

[31:20]  ⁹ tn Heb “and are satisfied.”

[31:20]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “he.” Smr, LXX, and the Targums read the plural “they.” See note on the first occurrence of “they” in v. 16.

[1:10]  ¹¹ tn Or “they should naturally comprehend.” The present tense in this context may have a conative force.

[1:11]  ¹² tn Or “they have gone the way of Cain.”

[1:11]  ¹³ tn Grk “for wages.”

[1:11]  ¹⁴ tn The verb ἐκχέω (ekcew) normally means “pour out.” Here, in the passive, it occasionally has a reflexive idea, as BDAG 312 s.v. 3. suggests (with extra-biblical examples).

[1:11]  ¹⁵ tn Or “in.”

[1:11]  ¹⁶ tn Grk “and.” See note on “perish” later in this verse.

[1:11]  ¹⁷ tn The three verbs in this verse are all aorist indicative (“have gone down,” “have abandoned,” “have perished”). Although the first and second could be considered constative or ingressive, the last is almost surely proleptic (referring to the certainty of their future judgment). Although it may seem odd that a proleptic aorist is so casually connected to other aorists with a different syntactical force, it is not unparalleled (cf. Rom 8:30).

[1:12]  ¹⁸ tn Grk “these are the men who are.”

[1:12]  ¹⁹ tn Though σπιλάδες (spilades) is frequently translated “blemishes” or “stains,” such is actually a translation of the Greek word σπίλοι (spiloi). The two words are quite similar, especially in their root or lexical forms (σπιλάς [spila"] and σπίλος [spilos] respectively). Some scholars have suggested that σπιλάδες in this context means the same thing as σπίλοι. But such could be the case only by a stretch of the imagination (see BDAG 938 s.v. σπιλάς for discussion). Others suggest that Jude’s spelling was in error (which also is doubtful). One reason for the tension is that in the parallel passage, 2 Pet 2:13, the term used is indeed σπίλος. And if either Jude used 2 Peter or 2 Peter used Jude, one would expect to see the same word. Jude, however, may have changed the wording for the sake of a subtle wordplay. The word σπιλάς was often used of a mere rock, though it normally was associated with a rock along the shore or one jutting out in the water. Thus, the false teachers would appear as “rocks” – as pillars in the community (cf. Matt 16:18; Gal 2:9), when in reality if a believer got too close to them his faith would get shipwrecked. Some suggest that σπιλάδες here means “hidden rocks.” Though this meaning is attested for the word, it is inappropriate in this context, since these false teachers are anything but hidden. They are dangerous because undiscerning folks get close to them, thinking they are rocks and pillars, when they are really dangerous reefs.

[1:12]  ²⁰ tc Several witnesses (A C^vid 1243 1846 al), influenced by the parallel in 2 Pet 2:13, read ἀπάταις (apatai", “deceptions”) for ἀγάπαις (agapai", “love-feasts”) in v. 12. However, ἀγάπαις has much stronger and earlier support and should therefore be considered original.

[1:12]  ²¹ tn Or “fearlessly.” The term in this context, however, is decidedly negative. The implication is that these false teachers ate the Lord’s Supper without regarding the sanctity of the meal. Cf. 1 Cor 11:17-22.

[1:12]  ²² tn Grk “shepherding themselves.” The verb ποιμαίνω (poimainw) means “shepherd, nurture [the flock].” But these men, rather than tending to the flock of God, nurture only themselves. They thus fall under the condemnation Paul uttered when writing to the Corinthians: “For when it comes time to eat [the Lord’s Supper,] each one goes ahead with his own meal” (1 Cor 11:21). Above all, the love-feast was intended to be a shared meal in which all ate and all felt welcome.

[1:12]  ²³ tn “They are” is not in Greek, but resumes the thought begun at the front of v. 12. There is no period before “They are.” English usage requires breaking this into more than one sentence.

[1:12]  ²⁴ tn Cf. 2 Pet 2:17. Jude’s emphasis is slightly different (instead of waterless springs, they are waterless clouds).

[1:12]  ²⁵ sn The imagery portraying the false teachers as autumn trees without fruit has to do with their lack of productivity. Recall the statement to the same effect by Jesus in Matt 7:16-20, in which false prophets will be known by their fruits. Like waterless clouds full of false hope, these trees do not yield any harvest even though it is expected.

[1:12]  ²⁶ tn Grk “having died twice.”

[1:2]  ²⁷ tn Grk “may mercy and peace and love be multiplied to you.”

[1:14]  ²⁸ tn Grk “the seventh from Adam.”

[1:14]  ²⁹ tn Grk “against them.” The dative τούτοις (toutois) is a dativus incommodi (dative of disadvantage).

[1:14]  ³⁰ tn Grk “has come,” a proleptic aorist.

[1:14]  ³¹ tn Grk “ten thousands.” The word μυριάς (muria"), from which the English myriad is derived, means “ten thousand.” In the plural it means “ten thousands.” This would mean, minimally, 20,000 (a multiple of ten thousand). At the same time, the term was often used in apocalyptic literature to represent simply a rather large number, without any attempt to be specific.

[1:15]  ³² tn Grk “against” (κατά [kata] + genitive). English usage is satisfied with “on” at this point, but the parallel is lost in the translation to some degree, for the end of v. 15 says that this judgment is meted out on these sinners because they spoke against him (κατά + genitive).

[1:15]  ³³ tn Or “soul.”

[1:15]  ³⁴ tn Grk “of all their works of ungodliness.” The adverb “thoroughly” is part of the following verb “have committed.” See note on verb “committed” later in this verse.

[1:15]  ³⁵ tn The verb in Greek does not simply mean “have committed,” but “have committed in an ungodly way.” The verb ἀσεβέω (asebew) is cognate to the noun ἀσέβεια (asebeia, “ungodliness”). There is no easy way to express this in English, since English does not have a single word that means the same thing. Nevertheless, the tenor of v. 15 is plainly seen, regardless of the translation.

[1:15]  ³⁶ sn An apparent quotation from 1 En. 1:9. There is some doubt as to whether Jude is actually quoting from the text of 1 Enoch; the text here in Jude differs in some respects from the extant text of this pseudepigraphic book. It is sometimes suggested that Jude may instead have been quoting from oral tradition which had roots older than the written text.

[9:26]  ³⁷ tn Heb “they cast your law behind their backs.”

[9:27]  ³⁸ tn Heb “from the hand of” (so NASB, NIV); NAB “from the power of.”

[9:28]  ³⁹ tn Heb “in the hand of” (so KJV, ASV); NAB “to the power of.”

[9:29]  ⁴⁰ tn Heb “if a man keep.” See note on the word “obey” in Neh 1:5.

[9:29]  ⁴¹ tn Heb “they gave a stubborn shoulder.”

[9:29]  ⁴² tn Heb “they stiffened their neck.”

[31:32]  ⁴³ tn The word “old” is not in the text but is implicit in the use of the word “new.” It is supplied in the translation for greater clarity.

[31:32]  ⁴⁴ tn Heb “fathers.”

[31:32]  ⁴⁵ tn Heb “when I took them by the hand and led them out.”

[31:32]  ⁴⁶ tn Or “I was their master.” See the study note on 3:14.

[31:32]  ⁴⁷ tn Heb “Oracle of the Lord.”