Ephesians 1:18-23

1:18 – since the eyes of your ¹  heart have been enlightened ²  – so that you may know what is the hope of his calling, ³  what is the wealth of his glorious ⁴  inheritance in the saints, 1:19 and what is the incomparable ⁵  greatness of his power toward ⁶  us who believe, as displayed in ⁷  the exercise of his immense strength. ⁸  1:20 This power ⁹  he exercised ¹⁰  in Christ when he raised him ¹¹  from the dead and seated him ¹²  at his right hand in the heavenly realms ¹³  1:21 far above every rule and authority and power and dominion and every name that is named, not only in this age but also in the one to come. 1:22 And God ¹⁴  put ¹⁵  all things under Christ’s ¹⁶  feet, ¹⁷  and he gave him to the church as head over all things. ¹⁸  1:23 Now the church is ¹⁹  his body, the fullness of him who fills all in all. ²⁰ 

[1:18]  ¹ tc ‡ Most witnesses, especially of the Byzantine and Western texttypes, though with a few important Alexandrian witnesses (א A D F G Ψ 0278 Ï latt sy), add ὑμῶν (Jumwn, “your”) after καρδίας (kardias, “heart”), though it is clearly implied in the shorter (Alexandrian) reading (found in Ì⁴⁶ B 6 33 1175 1739 1881 pc). The longer reading thus looks to be a clarifying gloss, as is frequently found in the Byzantine and Western traditions. The translation above also uses “your” because of English requirements, not because of textual basis.

[1:18]  ² tn The perfect participle πεφωτισμένους (pefwtismenou") may either be part of the prayer (“that the eyes of your heart may be enlightened”) or part of the basis of the prayer (“since the eyes of your heart have been enlightened”). Although the participle follows the ἵνα (Jina) of v. 17, it is awkward grammatically in the clause. Further, perfect adverbial participles are usually causal in NT Greek. Finally, the context both here and throughout Ephesians seems to emphasize the motif of light as a property belonging to believers. Thus, it seems that the author is saying, “I know that you are saved, that you have had the blinders of the devil removed; because of this, I can now pray that you will fully understand and see the light of God’s glorious revelation.” Hence, the translation takes the participle to form a part of the basis for the prayer.

[1:18]  ³ tn Or “the hope to which he has called you.”

[1:18]  ⁴ tn Grk “of the glory of his inheritance.” Here “inheritance” is taken as an attributed genitive and the head noun, “glory,” is thus translated as an adjective, “glorious inheritance.”

[1:19]  ⁵ tn Or “immeasurable, surpassing”

[1:19]  ⁶ tn Or “for, to”

[1:19]  ⁷ tn Grk “according to.”

[1:19]  ⁸ tn Grk “according to the exercise of the might of his strength.”

[1:20]  ⁹ tn Grk “which” (v. 20 is a subordinate clause to v. 19).

[1:20]  ¹⁰ tn The verb “exercised” (the aorist of ἐνεργέω, energew) has its nominal cognate in “exercise” in v. 19 (ἐνέργεια, energeia).

[1:20]  ¹¹ tn Or “This power he exercised in Christ by raising him”; Grk “raising him.” The adverbial participle ἐγείρας (egeiras) could be understood as temporal (“when he raised [him]”), which would be contemporaneous to the action of the finite verb “he exercised” earlier in the verse, or as means (“by raising [him]”). The participle has been translated here with the temporal nuance to allow for means to also be a possible interpretation. If the translation focused instead upon means, the temporal nuance would be lost as the time frame for the action of the participle would become indistinct.

[1:20]  ¹² tc The majority of mss, especially the Western and Byzantine mss (D F G Ψ Ï b r Ambst), have the indicative ἐκάθισεν (ekaqisen, “he seated”) for καθίσας (kaqisa", “when he seated, by seating”). The indicative is thus coordinate with ἐνήργησεν (enhrghsen, “he exercised”) and provides an additional statement to “he exercised his power.” The participle (found in Ì^92vid א A B 0278 33 81 1175 1505 1739 1881 2464 al), on the other hand, is coordinate with ἐγείρας (egeiras) and as such provides evidence of God’s power: He exercised his power by raising Christ from the dead and by seating him at his right hand. As intriguing as the indicative reading is, it is most likely an intentional alteration of the original wording, accomplished by an early “Western” scribe, which made its way in the Byzantine text.

[1:20]  ¹³ sn Eph 1:19-20. The point made in these verses is that the power required to live a life pleasing to God is the same power that raised Christ from the dead. For a similar thought, cf. John 15:1-11.

[1:22]  ¹⁴ tn Grk “he”; the referent (God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[1:22]  ¹⁵ tn Grk “subjected.”

[1:22]  ¹⁶ tn Grk “his”; the referent (Christ) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[1:22]  ¹⁷ sn An allusion to Ps 8:6.

[1:22]  ¹⁸ tn Grk “and he gave him as head over all things to the church.”

[1:23]  ¹⁹ tn Grk “which is.” The antecedent of “which” is easily lost in English, though in Greek it is quite clear. In the translation “church” is repeated to clarify the referent.

[1:23]  ²⁰ tn Or perhaps, “who is filled entirely.”