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Esther 2:21--4:3

Context

2:21 In those days while Mordecai was sitting at the king’s gate, Bigthan 1  and Teresh, 2  two of the king’s eunuchs who protected the entrance, 3  became angry and plotted to assassinate 4  King Ahasuerus. 2:22 When Mordecai learned of the conspiracy, 5  he informed Queen Esther, 6  and Esther told the king in Mordecai’s behalf. 7  2:23 The king then had the matter investigated and, finding it to be so, had the two conspirators 8  hanged on a gallows. 9  It was then recorded in the daily chronicles in the king’s presence.

Haman Conspires to Destroy the Jews

3:1 Some time later 10  King Ahasuerus promoted 11  Haman the son of Hammedatha, the Agagite, exalting him and setting his position 12  above that of all the officials who were with him. 3:2 As a result, 13  all the king’s servants who were at the king’s gate were bowing and paying homage to Haman, for the king had so commanded. However, Mordecai did not bow, 14  nor did he pay him homage.

3:3 Then the servants of the king who were at the king’s gate asked Mordecai, “Why are you violating the king’s commandment?” 3:4 And after they had spoken to him day after day 15  without his paying any attention to them, they informed Haman to see whether this attitude on Mordecai’s part would be permitted. 16  Furthermore, he had disclosed to them that he was a Jew. 17 

3:5 When Haman saw that Mordecai was not bowing or paying homage to him, he 18  was filled with rage. 3:6 But the thought of striking out against 19  Mordecai alone was repugnant to him, for he had been informed 20  of the identity of Mordecai’s people. 21  So Haman sought to destroy all the Jews (that is, the people of Mordecai) 22  who were in all the kingdom of Ahasuerus.

3:7 In the first month (that is, the month of Nisan), in the twelfth year 23  of King Ahasuerus’ reign, pur 24  (that is, the lot) was cast before Haman in order to determine a day and a month. 25  It turned out to be the twelfth month (that is, the month of Adar). 26 

3:8 Then Haman said to King Ahasuerus, “There is a particular people 27  that is dispersed and spread among the inhabitants 28  throughout all the provinces of your kingdom whose laws differ from those of all other peoples. Furthermore, they do not observe the king’s laws. It is not appropriate for the king to provide a haven for them. 29  3:9 If the king is so inclined, 30  let an edict be issued 31  to destroy them. I will pay ten thousand talents of silver 32  to be conveyed to the king’s treasuries for the officials who carry out this business.”

3:10 So the king removed his signet ring 33  from his hand and gave it to Haman the son of Hammedatha, the Agagite, who was hostile toward the Jews. 3:11 The king replied to Haman, “Keep your money, 34  and do with those people whatever you wish.” 35 

3:12 So the royal scribes 36  were summoned in the first month, on the thirteenth day of the month. Everything Haman commanded was written to the king’s satraps 37  and governors who were in every province and to the officials of every people, province by province according to its script and people by people according to its language. In the name of King Ahasuerus it was written and sealed with the king’s signet ring. 3:13 Letters were sent by the runners to all the king’s provinces stating that 38  they should destroy, kill, and annihilate all the Jews, from youth to elderly, both women and children, 39  on a particular day, namely the thirteenth day 40  of the twelfth month (that is, the month of Adar), and to loot and plunder their possessions. 3:14 A copy of this edict was to be presented as law throughout every province; it was to be made known to all the inhabitants, 41  so that they would be prepared for this day. 3:15 The messengers 42  scurried forth 43  with the king’s order. 44  The edict was issued in Susa the citadel. While the king and Haman sat down to drink, the city of Susa was in an uproar! 45 

Esther Decides to Risk Everything in order to Help Her People

4:1 Now when Mordecai became aware of all that had been done, he 46  tore his garments and put on sackcloth and ashes. He went out into the city, crying out in a loud 47  and bitter voice. 4:2 But he went no further than the king’s gate, for no one was permitted to enter the king’s gate clothed in sackcloth. 4:3 Throughout each and every province where the king’s edict and law were announced 48  there was considerable 49  mourning among the Jews, along with fasting, weeping, and sorrow. 50  Sackcloth and ashes were characteristic 51  of many.

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[2:21]  1 tn This individual is referred to as “Bigthana,” a variant spelling of the name, in Esth 6:2.

[2:21]  2 tc The LXX does not include the names “Bigthan and Teresh” here.

[2:21]  3 tn Heb “guarders of the threshold”; NIV “who guarded the doorway.”

[2:21]  4 tn Heb “sought to send a hand against”; CEV “decided to kill.”

[2:22]  5 sn The text of Esther does not disclose exactly how Mordecai learned about the plot against the king’s life. Ancient Jewish traditions state that Mordecai overheard conspiratorial conversation, or that an informant brought this information to him, or that it came to him as a result of divine prompting. These conjectures are all without adequate support from the biblical text. The author simply does not tell the source of Mordecai’s insight into this momentous event.

[2:22]  6 tc The LXX simply reads “Esther” and does not include “the queen.”

[2:22]  7 tc The LXX adds here “the things concerning the plot.”

[2:23]  8 tn Heb “they both were hanged.” The referent (the two eunuchs who conspired against the king) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[2:23]  9 tn Or “on a pole”; KJV, ASV “on a tree.”

[3:1]  10 tn Heb “after these things” (so KJV, ASV); NAB, NASB, NIV “After these events.”

[3:1]  11 tn Heb “made great”; NAB “raised…to high rank”; NIV “honored.”

[3:1]  12 tn Heb “chair”; KJV, NRSV “seat”; NASB “established his authority.”

[3:2]  13 tn Heb “and” (so KJV, NASB, NRSV). Other modern English versions leave the conjunction untranslated here (NAB, NIV, NCV, NLT).

[3:2]  14 sn Mordecai did not bow. The reason for Mordecai’s refusal to bow before Haman is not clearly stated here. Certainly the Jews did not refuse to bow as a matter of principle, as though such an action somehow violated the second command of the Decalogue. Many biblical texts bear witness to their practice of falling prostrate before people of power and influence (e.g., 1 Sam 24:8; 2 Sam 14:4; 1 Kgs 1:16). Perhaps the issue here was that Haman was a descendant of the Amalekites, a people who had attacked Israel in an earlier age (see Exod 17:8-16; 1 Sam 15:17-20; Deut 25:17-19).

[3:4]  15 sn Mordecai’s position in the service of the king brought him into regular contact with these royal officials. Because of this association the officials would have found ample opportunity to complain of Mordecai’s refusal to honor Haman by bowing down before him.

[3:4]  16 tn Heb “Will the matters of Mordecai stand?”; NASB “to see whether Mordecai’s reason would stand.”

[3:4]  17 sn This disclosure of Jewish identity is a reversal of the practice mentioned in 1:10, 20.

[3:5]  18 tn Heb “Haman.” The pronoun (“he”) was used in the translation for stylistic reasons. Repeating the proper name here is redundant according to contemporary English style, although the name is repeated in NASB and NRSV.

[3:6]  19 tn Heb “to send a hand against”; KJV, NRSV “to lay hands on.”

[3:6]  20 tn Heb “they had related to him.” For stylistic reasons this has been translated as a passive construction.

[3:6]  21 tc The entire first half of the verse is not included in the LXX.

[3:6]  22 tc This parenthetical phrase is not included in the LXX. Some scholars emend the MT reading עַם (’am, “people”) to עִם (’im, “with”), arguing that the phrase is awkwardly placed and syntactically inappropriate. While there is some truth to their complaint, the MT makes sufficient sense to be acceptable here, and is followed by most English versions.

[3:7]  23 sn This year would be ca. 474 b.c. The reference to first month and twelfth month indicate that about a year had elapsed between this determination and the anticipated execution.

[3:7]  24 tn The term פּוּר (pur, “lot”) is an Akkadian loanword; the narrator therefore explains it for his Hebrew readers (“that is, the lot”). It is from the plural form of this word (i.e., Purim) that the festival celebrating the deliverance of the Jews takes its name (cf. 9:24, 26, 28, 31).

[3:7]  25 tc The LXX adds the following words: “in order to destroy in one day the race of Mordecai, and the lot fell on the fourteenth day of the month.” The LXX reading is included by NAB.

[3:7]  26 tn Since v. 7 seems to interrupt the flow of the narrative, many scholars have suggested that it is a late addition to the text. But there is not enough evidence to warrant such a conclusion. Even though its placement is somewhat awkward, the verse supplies to the reader an important piece of chronological information.

[3:8]  27 tn Heb “one people.” Note the subtle absence at this point of a specific mention of the Jewish people by name.

[3:8]  28 tn Heb “peoples” (so NASB, NIV); NAB “nations”

[3:8]  29 tn Heb “to cause them to rest”; NASB “to let them remain”; NAB, NIV, NRSV “to tolerate them.”

[3:9]  30 tn Heb “If upon the king it is good”; KJV “If it please the king.”

[3:9]  31 tn Heb “let it be written” (so KJV, ASV); NASB “let it be decreed.”

[3:9]  32 sn The enormity of the monetary sum referred to here can be grasped by comparing this amount (10,000 talents of silver) to the annual income of the empire, which according to Herodotus (Histories 3.95) was 14,500 Euboic talents. In other words Haman is offering the king a bribe equal to two-thirds of the royal income. Doubtless this huge sum of money was to come (in large measure) from the anticipated confiscation of Jewish property and assets once the Jews had been destroyed. That such a large sum of money is mentioned may indicate something of the economic standing of the Jewish population in the empire of King Ahasuerus.

[3:10]  33 sn Possessing the king’s signet ring would enable Haman to act with full royal authority. The king’s ring would be used to impress the royal seal on edicts, making them as binding as if the king himself had enacted them.

[3:11]  34 tn Heb “the silver is given to you”; NRSV “the money is given to you”; CEV “You can keep their money.” C. A. Moore (Esther [AB], 40) understands these words somewhat differently, taking them to imply acceptance of the money on Xerxes’ part. He translates, “Well, it’s your money.”

[3:11]  35 tn Heb “according to what is good in your eyes”; NASB “do with them as you please.”

[3:12]  36 tn Or “secretaries” (so NIV, NRSV, NLT).

[3:12]  37 tn Or “princes” (so NLT); CEV “highest officials.”

[3:13]  38 tn The words “stating that” are not in the Hebrew text but have been supplied in the translation for clarity.

[3:13]  39 tn Heb “children and women.” The translation follows contemporary English idiom, which reverses the order.

[3:13]  40 tc The LXX does not include the words “on the thirteenth day.”

[3:14]  41 tn Heb “peoples” (so NASB, NRSV).

[3:15]  42 tn Heb “runners.” So also in 8:10, 14. Cf. NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV “couriers.”

[3:15]  43 tn Or “went forth in haste” (so ASV).

[3:15]  44 tn Heb “with the word of the king.”

[3:15]  45 sn The city of Susa was in an uproar. This final statement of v. 15 is a sad commentary on the pathetic disregard of despots for the human misery and suffering that they sometimes inflict on those who are helpless to resist their power. Here, while common people braced for the reckless loss of life and property that was about to begin, the perpetrators went about their mundane activities as though nothing of importance was happening.

[4:1]  46 tn Heb “Mordecai.” The pronoun (“he”) was used in the translation for stylistic reasons. A repetition of the proper name here is redundant in terms of contemporary English style.

[4:1]  47 tn Heb “great.”

[4:3]  48 tn Heb “reached” (so NAB, NLT); KJV, NASB, NIV “came”; TEV “wherever the king’s proclamation was made known.”

[4:3]  49 tn Heb “great” (so KJV, NIV, NRSV, NLT); NAB “the Jews went into deep mourning.”

[4:3]  50 sn Although prayer is not specifically mentioned here, it is highly unlikely that appeals to God for help were not a part of this reaction to devastating news. As elsewhere in the book of Esther, the writer seems deliberately to keep religious actions in the background.

[4:3]  51 tn Heb “were spread to many”; KJV, NIV “many (+ people NLT) lay in sackcloth and ashes.”



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