Exodus 24:3-8

24:3 Moses came ¹  and told the people all the Lord’s words ²  and all the decisions. All the people answered together, ³  “We are willing to do ⁴  all the words that the Lord has said,” 24:4 and Moses wrote down all the words of the Lord. Early in the morning he built ⁵  an altar at the foot ⁶  of the mountain and arranged ⁷  twelve standing stones ⁸  – according to the twelve tribes of Israel. 24:5 He sent young Israelite men, ⁹  and they offered burnt offerings and sacrificed young bulls for peace offerings ¹⁰  to the Lord. 24:6 Moses took half of the blood and put it in bowls, and half of the blood he splashed on the altar. ¹¹  24:7 He took the Book of the Covenant ¹²  and read it aloud ¹³  to the people, and they said, “We are willing to do and obey ¹⁴  all that the Lord has spoken.” 24:8 So Moses took the blood and splashed it on ¹⁵  the people and said, “This is the blood of the covenant ¹⁶  that the Lord has made with you in accordance with all these words.”

Deuteronomy 29:10-13

29:10 You are standing today, all of you, before the Lord your God – the heads of your tribes, ¹⁷  your elders, your officials, every Israelite man, 29:11 your infants, your wives, and the ¹⁸  foreigners living in your encampment, those who chop wood and those who carry water – 29:12 so that you may enter by oath into the covenant the Lord your God is making with you today. ¹⁹  29:13 Today he will affirm that you are his people and that he is your God, ²⁰  just as he promised you and as he swore by oath to your ancestors ²¹  Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

Joshua 23:16

23:16 If you violate the covenantal laws of the Lord your God which he commanded you to keep, ²²  and follow, worship, and bow down to other gods, ²³  the Lord will be very angry with you and you will disappear ²⁴  quickly from the good land which he gave to you.”

Joshua 24:21-25

24:21 The people said to Joshua, “No! We really will ²⁵  worship ²⁶  the Lord!” 24:22 Joshua said to the people, “Do you agree to be witnesses against yourselves that you have chosen to worship the Lord?” ²⁷  They replied, “We are witnesses!” ²⁸  24:23 Joshua said, ²⁹  “Now put aside the foreign gods that are among you and submit to ³⁰  the Lord God of Israel.”

24:24 The people said to Joshua, “We will worship ³¹  the Lord our God and obey him.” ³² 

24:25 That day Joshua drew up an agreement ³³  for the people, and he established rules and regulations ³⁴  for them in Shechem.

Jeremiah 31:32

31:32 It will not be like the old ³⁵  covenant that I made with their ancestors ³⁶  when I delivered them ³⁷  from Egypt. For they violated that covenant, even though I was like a faithful husband to them,” ³⁸  says the Lord. ³⁹ 

Ezekiel 20:37

20:37 I will make you pass under ⁴⁰  the shepherd’s staff, ⁴¹  and I will bring you into the bond of the covenant.

[24:3]  ¹ sn The general consensus among commentators is that this refers to Moses’ coming from the mountain after he made the ascent in 20:21. Here he came and told them the laws (written in 20:22-23:33), and of the call to come up to Yahweh.

[24:3]  ² sn The Decalogue may not be included here because the people had heard those commands themselves earlier.

[24:3]  ³ tn The text simply has “one voice” (קוֹל אֶחָד, qol ’ekhad); this is an adverbial accusative of manner, telling how the people answered – “in one voice,” or unanimously (see GKC 375 §118.q).

[24:3]  ⁴ tn The verb is the imperfect tense (נַעֲשֶׂה, na’aseh), although the form could be classified as a cohortative. If the latter, they would be saying that they are resolved to do what God said. If it is an imperfect, then the desiderative would make the most sense: “we are willing to do.” They are not presumptuously saying they are going to do all these things.

[24:4]  ⁵ tn The two preterites quite likely form a verbal hendiadys (the verb “to get up early” is frequently in such constructions). Literally it says, “and he got up early [in the morning] and he built”; this means “early [in the morning] he built.” The first verb becomes the adverb.

[24:4]  ⁶ tn “under.”

[24:4]  ⁷ tn The verb “arranged” is not in the Hebrew text but has been supplied to clarify exactly what Moses did with the twelve stones.

[24:4]  ⁸ tn The thing numbered is found in the singular when the number is plural – “twelve standing-stone.” See GKC 433 §134.f. The “standing-stone” could be a small piece about a foot high, or a huge column higher than men. They served to commemorate treaties (Gen 32), or visions (Gen 28) or boundaries, or graves. Here it will function with the altar as a place of worship.

[24:5]  ⁹ tn The construct has “young men of the Israelites,” and so “Israelite” is a genitive that describes them.

[24:5]  ¹⁰ tn The verbs and their respective accusatives are cognates. First, they offered up burnt offerings (see Lev 1), which is וַיַּעֲלוּ עֹלֹת (vayya’alu ’olot); then they sacrificed young bulls as peace sacrifices (Lev 3), which is in Hebrew וַיִּזְבְּחוּ זְבָחִים (vayyizbÿkhu zÿvakhim). In the first case the cognate accusative is the direct object; in the second it is an adverbial accusative of product. See on this covenant ritual H. M. Kamsler, “The Blood Covenant in the Bible,” Dor le Dor 6 (1977): 94-98; E. W. Nicholson, “The Covenant Ritual in Exodus 24:3-8,” VT 32 (1982): 74-86.

[24:6]  ¹¹ sn The people and Yahweh through this will be united by blood, for half was spattered on the altar and the other half spattered on/toward the people (v. 8).

[24:7]  ¹² tn The noun “book” would be the scroll just written containing the laws of chaps. 20-23. On the basis of this scroll the covenant would be concluded here. The reading of this book would assure the people that it was the same that they had agreed to earlier. But now their statement of willingness to obey would be more binding, because their promise would be confirmed by a covenant of blood.

[24:7]  ¹³ tn Heb “read it in the ears of.”

[24:7]  ¹⁴ tn A second verb is now added to the people’s response, and it is clearly an imperfect and not a cohortative, lending support for the choice of desiderative imperfect in these commitments – “we want to obey.” This was their compliance with the covenant.

[24:8]  ¹⁵ tn Given the size of the congregation, the preposition might be rendered here “toward the people” rather than on them (all).

[24:8]  ¹⁶ sn The construct relationship “the blood of the covenant” means “the blood by which the covenant is ratified” (S. R. Driver, Exodus, 254). The parallel with the inauguration of the new covenant in the blood of Christ is striking (see, e.g., Matt 26:28, 1 Cor 11:25). When Jesus was inaugurating the new covenant, he was bringing to an end the old.

[29:10]  ¹⁷ tc Heb “your heads, your tribes.” The Syriac presupposes either “heads of your tribes” or “your heads, your judges,” etc. (reading שֹׁפְטֵכֶם [shofÿtekhem] for שִׁבְטֵיכֶם [shivtekhem]). Its comparative difficulty favors the originality of the MT reading. Cf. KJV “your captains of your tribes”; NRSV “the leaders of your tribes”; NLT “your tribal leaders.”

[29:11]  ¹⁸ tn Heb “your.”

[29:12]  ¹⁹ tn Heb “for you to pass on into the covenant of the Lord your God and into his oath, which the Lord your God is cutting with you today.”

[29:13]  ²⁰ tn Heb “in order to establish you today to him for a people and he will be to you for God.” Verses 10-13 are one long sentence in Hebrew. The translation divides this into two sentences for stylistic reasons.

[29:13]  ²¹ tn Heb “fathers” (also in v. 25).

[23:16]  ²² tn Heb “when you violate the covenant of the Lord your God which he commanded you.”

[23:16]  ²³ tn Heb “and you walk and serve other gods and bow down to them.”

[23:16]  ²⁴ tn Or “perish.”

[24:21]  ²⁵ tn The translation assumes that כִּי (ki) is emphatic. Another option is to take it as explanatory, “No, for we will….”

[24:21]  ²⁶ tn Or “will serve.”

[24:22]  ²⁷ tn Heb “You are witnesses against yourselves that you have chosen for yourselves the Lord to serve him.”

[24:22]  ²⁸ sn Like witnesses in a court of law, Israel’s solemn vow to worship the Lord will testify against them in the divine court if the nation ever violates its commitment.

[24:23]  ²⁹ tn The words “Joshua said” are supplied for clarification.

[24:23]  ³⁰ tn Heb “bend your heart toward.” The term לֵבָב (levav, “heart”) probably here refers to the people’s volition or will.

[24:24]  ³¹ tn Or “will serve.”

[24:24]  ³² tn Heb “and listen to his voice.”

[24:25]  ³³ tn Heb “cut a covenant.”

[24:25]  ³⁴ tn Heb “a statute and a judgment.”

[31:32]  ³⁵ tn The word “old” is not in the text but is implicit in the use of the word “new.” It is supplied in the translation for greater clarity.

[31:32]  ³⁶ tn Heb “fathers.”

[31:32]  ³⁷ tn Heb “when I took them by the hand and led them out.”

[31:32]  ³⁸ tn Or “I was their master.” See the study note on 3:14.

[31:32]  ³⁹ tn Heb “Oracle of the Lord.”

[20:37]  ⁴⁰ tn This is the same Hebrew verb used to describe the passing of the children through the fire.

[20:37]  ⁴¹ sn The metaphor may be based in Lev 27:32 (see also Jer 33:13; Matt 25:32-33). A shepherd would count his sheep as they passed beneath his staff.