Exodus 8:12

8:12 Then Moses and Aaron went out from Pharaoh, and Moses cried ¹  to the Lord because of ²  the frogs that he had brought on ³  Pharaoh.

Exodus 19:4

19:4 ‘You yourselves have seen what I did to Egypt and how I lifted you on eagles’ wings ⁴  and brought you to myself. ⁵ 

Joshua 24:5-6

24:5 I sent Moses and Aaron, and I struck Egypt down when I intervened in their land. ⁶  Then I brought you out. 24:6 When I brought your fathers out of Egypt, you arrived at the sea. The Egyptians chased your fathers with chariots and horsemen to the Red Sea.

Psalms 78:43-51

78:43 when he performed his awesome deeds ⁷  in Egypt,

and his acts of judgment ⁸  in the region of Zoan.

78:44 He turned their rivers into blood,

and they could not drink from their streams.

78:45 He sent swarms of biting insects against them, ⁹ 

as well as frogs that overran their land. ¹⁰ 

78:46 He gave their crops to the grasshopper,

the fruit of their labor to the locust.

78:47 He destroyed their vines with hail,

and their sycamore-fig trees with driving rain.

78:48 He rained hail down on their cattle, ¹¹ 

and hurled lightning bolts down on their livestock. ¹² 

78:49 His raging anger lashed out against them, ¹³ 

He sent fury, rage, and trouble

as messengers who bring disaster. ¹⁴ 

78:50 He sent his anger in full force; ¹⁵ 

he did not spare them from death;

he handed their lives over to destruction. ¹⁶ 

78:51 He struck down all the firstborn in Egypt,

the firstfruits of their reproductive power ¹⁷  in the tents of Ham.

Psalms 105:27-36

105:27 They executed his miraculous signs among them, ¹⁸ 

and his amazing deeds in the land of Ham.

105:28 He made it dark; ¹⁹ 

they did not disobey his orders. ²⁰ 

105:29 He turned their water into blood,

and killed their fish.

105:30 Their land was overrun by frogs,

which even got into the rooms of their kings.

105:31 He ordered flies to come; ²¹ 

gnats invaded their whole territory.

105:32 He sent hail along with the rain; ²² 

there was lightning in their land. ²³ 

105:33 He destroyed their vines and fig trees,

and broke the trees throughout their territory.

105:34 He ordered locusts to come, ²⁴ 

innumerable grasshoppers.

105:35 They ate all the vegetation in their land,

and devoured the crops of their fields. ²⁵ 

105:36 He struck down all the firstborn in their land,

the firstfruits of their reproductive power. ²⁶ 

[8:12]  ¹ tn The verb צָעַק (tsa’aq) is used for prayers in which people cry out of trouble or from danger. U. Cassuto observes that Moses would have been in real danger if God had not answered this prayer (Exodus, 103).

[8:12]  ² tn Heb “over the matter of.”

[8:12]  ³ tn The verb is an unusual choice if it were just to mean “brought on.” It is the verb שִׂים (sim, “place, put”). S. R. Driver thinks the thought is “appointed for Pharaoh” as a sign (Exodus, 64). The idea of the sign might be too much, but certainly the frogs were positioned for the instruction of the stubborn king.

[19:4]  ⁴ tn The figure compares the way a bird would teach its young to fly and leave the nest with the way Yahweh brought Israel out of Egypt. The bird referred to could be one of several species of eagles, but more likely is the griffin-vulture. The image is that of power and love.

[19:4]  ⁵ sn The language here is the language of a bridegroom bringing the bride to the chamber. This may be a deliberate allusion to another metaphor for the covenant relationship.

[24:5]  ⁶ tn Heb “by that which I did in its midst.”

[78:43]  ⁷ tn Or “signs” (see Ps 65:8).

[78:43]  ⁸ tn Or “portents, omens” (see Ps 71:7). The Egyptian plagues are referred to here (see vv. 44-51).

[78:45]  ⁹ tn Heb “and he sent an insect swarm against them and it devoured them.”

[78:45]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “and a swarm of frogs and it destroyed them.”

[78:48]  ¹¹ tn Heb “and he turned over to the hail their cattle.”

[78:48]  ¹² tn Heb “and their livestock to the flames.” “Flames” here refer to the lightning bolts that accompanied the storm.

[78:49]  ¹³ tn Heb “he sent against them the rage of his anger.” The phrase “rage of his anger” employs an appositional genitive. Synonyms are joined in a construct relationship to emphasize the single idea. For a detailed discussion of the grammatical point with numerous examples, see Y. Avishur, “Pairs of Synonymous Words in the Construct State (and in Appositional Hendiadys) in Biblical Hebrew,” Semitics 2 (1971): 17-81.

[78:49]  ¹⁴ tn Heb “fury and indignation and trouble, a sending of messengers of disaster.”

[78:50]  ¹⁵ tn Heb “he leveled a path for his anger.” There were no obstacles to impede its progress; it moved swiftly and destructively.

[78:50]  ¹⁶ tn Or perhaps “[the] plague.”

[78:51]  ¹⁷ tn Heb “the beginning of strength.” If retained, the plural form אוֹנִים (’onim, “strength”) probably indicates degree (“great strength”), but many ancient witnesses read “their strength,” which presupposes an emendation to אֹנָם (’onam; singular form of the noun with third masculine plural pronominal suffix).

[105:27]  ¹⁸ tn Apparently the pronoun refers to “his servants” (i.e., the Israelites, see v. 25).

[105:28]  ¹⁹ tn Heb “he sent darkness and made it dark.”

[105:28]  ²⁰ tn Heb “they did not rebel against his words.” Apparently this refers to Moses and Aaron, who obediently carried out God’s orders.

[105:31]  ²¹ tn Heb “he spoke and flies came.”

[105:32]  ²² tn Heb “he gave their rains hail.”

[105:32]  ²³ tn Heb “fire of flames [was] in their land.”

[105:34]  ²⁴ tn Heb “he spoke and locusts came.”

[105:35]  ²⁵ tn Heb “the fruit of their ground.”

[105:36]  ²⁶ tn Heb “the beginning of all their strength,” that is, reproductive power (see Ps 78:51).