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Exodus 1:14

Context
1:14 They made their lives bitter 1  by 2  hard service with mortar and bricks and by all kinds of service 3  in the fields. Every kind of service the Israelites were required to give was rigorous. 4 

Exodus 8:24

Context
8:24 The Lord did so; a 5  thick 6  swarm of flies came into 7  Pharaoh’s house and into the houses 8  of his servants, and throughout the whole land of Egypt the land was ruined 9  because of the swarms of flies.

Exodus 9:11

Context

9:11 The magicians could not stand before Moses because of the boils, for boils were on the magicians and on all the Egyptians.

Exodus 14:4

Context
14:4 I will harden 10  Pharaoh’s heart, and he will chase after them. I will gain honor 11  because of Pharaoh and because of all his army, and the Egyptians will know 12  that I am the Lord.” So this is what they did. 13 

Exodus 14:17

Context
14:17 And as for me, I am going to harden 14  the hearts of the Egyptians so that 15  they will come after them, that I may be honored 16  because 17  of Pharaoh and his army and his chariots and his horsemen.

Exodus 23:13

Context

23:13 “Pay attention to do 18  everything I have told you, and do not even mention 19  the names of other gods – do not let them be heard on your lips. 20 

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[1:14]  1 sn The verb מָרַר (marar) anticipates the introduction of the theme of bitterness in the instructions for the Passover.

[1:14]  2 tn The preposition bet (ב) in this verse has the instrumental use: “by means of” (see GKC 380 §119.o).

[1:14]  3 tn Heb “and in all service.”

[1:14]  4 tn The line could be more literally translated, “All their service in which they served them [was] with rigor.” This takes the referent of בָּהֶם (bahem) to be the Egyptians. The pronoun may also resume the reference to the kinds of service and so not be needed in English: “All their service in which they served [was] with rigor.”

[8:24]  5 tn Heb “and there came a….”

[8:24]  6 tn Heb “heavy,” or “severe.”

[8:24]  7 tn Here, and in the next phrase, the word “house” has to be taken as an adverbial accusative of termination.

[8:24]  8 tn The Hebrew text has the singular here.

[8:24]  9 tc Concerning the connection of “the land was ruined” with the preceding, S. R. Driver (Exodus, 68) suggests reading with the LXX, Smr, and Peshitta; this would call for adding a conjunction before the last clause to make it read, “into the house of Pharaoh, and into his servants’ houses, and into all the land of Egypt; and the land was…”

[14:4]  9 tn In this place the verb חָזַק (hazaq) is used; it indicates that God would make Pharaoh’s will strong or firm.

[14:4]  10 tn The form is וְאִכָּבְדָה (vÿikkavÿda), the Niphal cohortative; coming after the perfect tenses with vav (ו) consecutives expressing the future, this cohortative indicates the purpose of the hardening and chasing. Yahweh intended to gain glory by this final and great victory over the strength of Pharaoh. There is irony in this expression since a different form of the word was used frequently to describe Pharaoh’s hard heart. So judgment will not only destroy the wicked – it will reveal the glory and majesty of the sovereignty of God.

[14:4]  11 tn This is the perfect tense with the vav (ו) consecutive. But it announces the fulfillment of an long standing purpose – that they might know.

[14:4]  12 tn Heb “and they did so.”

[14:17]  13 tn הִנְנִי (hinni) before the participle gives it the force of a futur instans participle, meaning “I am about to harden” or “I am going to harden” their heart.

[14:17]  14 tn The form again is the imperfect tense with vav (ו) to express the purpose or the result of the hardening. The repetition of the verb translated “come” is interesting: Moses is to divide the sea in order that the people may cross, but God will harden the Egyptians’ hearts in order that they may follow.

[14:17]  15 tn For the comments on this verb see the discussion in v. 4. God would get glory by defeating Egypt.

[14:17]  16 tn Or “I will get glory over.”

[23:13]  17 tn The phrase “to do” is added; in Hebrew word order the line says, “In all that I have said to you you will watch yourselves.” The verb for paying attention is a Niphal imperfect with an imperatival force.

[23:13]  18 tn Or “honor,” Hiphil of זָכַר (zakhar). See also Exod 20:25; Josh 23:7; Isa 26:13.

[23:13]  19 tn Heb “mouth.”



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