Discovery BoxExodus 34:14-35
Context34:14 For you must not worship 1 any other god, 2 for the Lord, whose name 3 is Jealous, is a jealous God. 34:15 Be careful 4 not to make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, for when 5 they prostitute themselves 6 to their gods and sacrifice to their gods, and someone invites you, 7 you will eat from his sacrifice; 34:16 and you then take 8 his daughters for your sons, and when his daughters prostitute themselves to their gods, they will make your sons prostitute themselves to their gods as well. 34:17 You must not make yourselves molten gods.
34:18 “You must keep the Feast of Unleavened Bread. For seven days 9 you must eat bread made without yeast, as I commanded you; do this 10 at the appointed time of the month Abib, for in the month Abib you came out of Egypt.
34:19 “Every firstborn of the womb 11 belongs to me, even every firstborn 12 of your cattle that is a male, 13 whether ox or sheep. 34:20 Now the firstling 14 of a donkey you may redeem with a lamb, but if you do not redeem it, then break its neck. 15 You must redeem all the firstborn of your sons.
“No one will appear before me empty-handed. 16
34:21 “On six days 17 you may labor, but on the seventh day you must rest; 18 even at the time of plowing and of harvest 19 you are to rest. 20
34:22 “You must observe 21 the Feast of Weeks – the firstfruits of the harvest of wheat – and the Feast of Ingathering at the end 22 of the year. 34:23 At three times 23 in the year all your men 24 must appear before the Lord God, 25 the God of Israel. 34:24 For I will drive out 26 the nations before you and enlarge your borders; no one will covet 27 your land when you go up 28 to appear before the Lord your God three times 29 in the year.
34:25 “You must not offer the blood of my sacrifice with yeast; the sacrifice from the feast of Passover must not remain until the following morning. 30
34:26 “The first of the firstfruits of your soil you must bring to the house of the Lord your God.
You must not cook a young goat in its mother’s milk.” 31
34:27 The Lord said to Moses, “Write down 32 these words, for in accordance with these words I have made a covenant with you and with Israel.” 34:28 So he was there with the Lord forty days and forty nights; 33 he did not eat bread, and he did not drink water. He wrote on the tablets the words of the covenant, the ten commandments. 34
34:29 35 Now when Moses came down 36 from Mount Sinai with 37 the two tablets of the testimony in his hand 38 – when he came down 39 from the mountain, Moses 40 did not know that the skin of his face shone 41 while he talked with him. 34:30 When Aaron and all the Israelites saw Moses, the skin of his face shone; 42 and they were afraid to approach him. 34:31 But Moses called to them, so Aaron and all the leaders of the community came back to him, and Moses spoke to them. 34:32 After this all the Israelites approached, and he commanded them all that the Lord had spoken to him on Mount Sinai. 34:33 When Moses finished 43 speaking 44 with them, he would 45 put a veil on his face. 34:34 But when Moses went in 46 before the Lord to speak with him, he would remove the veil until he came out. 47 Then he would come out and tell the Israelites what he had been commanded. 48 34:35 When the Israelites would see 49 the face of Moses, that 50 the skin of Moses’ face shone, Moses would put the veil on his face again, until he went in to speak with the Lord. 51
[34:14] 2 sn In Exod 20:3 it was “gods.”
[34:14] 3 sn Here, too, the emphasis on God’s being a jealous God is repeated (see Exod 20:5). The use of “name” here is to stress that this is his nature, his character.
[34:15] 4 tn The sentence begins simply “lest you make a covenant”; it is undoubtedly a continuation of the imperative introduced earlier, and so that is supplied here.
[34:15] 5 tn The verb is a perfect with a vav consecutive. In the literal form of the sentence, this clause tells what might happen if the people made a covenant with the inhabitants of the land: “Take heed…lest you make a covenant…and then they prostitute themselves…and sacrifice…and invite…and you eat.” The sequence lays out an entire scenario.
[34:15] 6 tn The verb זָנָה (zanah) means “to play the prostitute; to commit whoredom; to be a harlot” or something similar. It is used here and elsewhere in the Bible for departing from pure religion and engaging in pagan religion. The use of the word in this figurative sense is fitting, because the relationship between God and his people is pictured as a marriage, and to be unfaithful to it was a sin. This is also why God is described as a “jealous” or “impassioned” God. The figure may not be merely a metaphorical use, but perhaps a metonymy, since there actually was sexual immorality at the Canaanite altars and poles.
[34:15] 7 tn There is no subject for the verb. It could be rendered “and one invites you,” or it could be made a passive.
[34:16] 8 tn In the construction this verb would follow as a possible outcome of the last event, and so remain in the verbal sequence. If the people participate in the festivals of the land, then they will intermarry, and that could lead to further involvement with idolatry.
[34:18] 9 tn This is an adverbial accusative of time.
[34:18] 10 tn The words “do this” have been supplied.
[34:19] 11 tn Heb “everything that opens the womb.”
[34:19] 12 tn Here too: everything that “opens [the womb].”
[34:19] 13 tn The verb basically means “that drops a male.” The verb is feminine, referring to the cattle.
[34:20] 14 tn Heb “and the one that opens [the womb of] the donkey.”
[34:20] 15 sn See G. Brin, “The Firstling of Unclean Animals,” JQR 68 (1971): 1-15.
[34:20] 16 tn The form is the adverb “empty.”
[34:21] 17 tn This is an adverbial accusative of time.
[34:21] 18 tn Or “cease” (i.e., from the labors).
[34:21] 19 sn See M. Dahood, “Vocative lamed in Exodus 2,4 and Merismus in 34,21,” Bib 62 (1981): 413-15.
[34:21] 20 tn The imperfect tense expresses injunction or instruction.
[34:22] 21 tn The imperfect tense means “you will do”; it is followed by the preposition with a suffix to express the ethical dative to stress the subject.
[34:22] 22 tn The expression is “the turn of the year,” which is parallel to “the going out of the year,” and means the end of the agricultural season.
[34:23] 23 tn “Three times” is an adverbial accusative.
[34:23] 24 tn Heb “all your males.”
[34:23] 25 tn Here the divine name reads in Hebrew הָאָדֹן יְהוָה (ha’adon yÿhvah), which if rendered according to the traditional scheme of “
[34:24] 26 tn The verb is a Hiphil imperfect of יָרַשׁ (yarash), which means “to possess.” In the causative stem it can mean “dispossess” or “drive out.”
[34:24] 27 sn The verb “covet” means more than desire; it means that some action will be taken to try to acquire the land that is being coveted. It is one thing to envy someone for their land; it is another to be consumed by the desire that stops at nothing to get it (it, not something like it).
[34:24] 28 tn The construction uses the infinitive construct with a preposition and a suffixed subject to form the temporal clause.
[34:24] 29 tn The expression “three times” is an adverbial accusative of time.
[34:25] 30 sn See M. Haran, “The Passover Sacrifice,” Studies in the Religion of Ancient Israel (VTSup), 86-116.
[34:26] 31 sn See the note on this same command in 23:19.
[34:27] 32 tn Once again the preposition with the suffix follows the imperative, adding some emphasis to the subject of the verb.
[34:28] 33 tn These too are adverbial in relation to the main clause, telling how long Moses was with Yahweh on the mountain.
[34:28] 34 tn Heb “the ten words,” though “commandments” is traditional.
[34:29] 35 sn Now, at the culmination of the renewing of the covenant, comes the account of Moses’ shining face. It is important to read this in its context first, holding off on the connection to Paul’s discussion in 2 Corinthians. There is a delicate balance here in Exodus. On the one hand Moses’ shining face served to authenticate the message, but on the other hand Moses prevented the people from seeing more than they could handle. The subject matter in the OT, then, is how to authenticate the message. The section again can be subdivided into three points that develop the whole idea: I. The one who spends time with God reflects his glory (29-30). It will not always be as Moses; rather, the glory of the
[34:29] 36 tn The temporal clause is composed of the temporal indicator (“and it happened”), followed by the temporal preposition, infinitive construct, and subjective genitive (“Moses”).
[34:29] 37 tn The second clause begins with “and/now”; it is a circumstantial clause explaining that the tablets were in his hand. It repeats the temporal clause at the end.
[34:29] 38 tn Heb “in the hand of Moses.”
[34:29] 39 tn The temporal clause parallels the first temporal clause; it uses the same infinitive construct, but now with a suffix referring to Moses.
[34:29] 40 tn Heb “and Moses.”
[34:29] 41 tn The word קָרַן (qaran) is derived from the noun קֶרֶן (qeren) in the sense of a “ray of light” (see Hab 3:4). Something of the divine glory remained with Moses. The Greek translation of Aquila and the Latin Vulgate convey the idea that he had horns, the primary meaning of the word from which this word is derived. Some have tried to defend this, saying that the glory appeared like horns or that Moses covered his face with a mask adorned with horns. But in the text the subject of the verb is the skin of Moses’ face (see U. Cassuto, Exodus, 449).
[34:30] 42 tn This clause is introduced by the deictic particle הִנֵּה (hinneh); it has the force of pointing to something surprising or sudden.
[34:33] 43 tn Heb “and Moses finished”; the clause is subordinated as a temporal clause to the next clause.
[34:33] 44 tn The Piel infinitive construct is the object of the preposition; the whole phrase serves as the direct object of the verb “finished.”
[34:33] 45 tn Throughout this section the actions of Moses and the people are frequentative. The text tells what happened regularly.
[34:34] 46 tn The construction uses a infinitive construct for the temporal clause; it is prefixed with the temporal preposition: “and in the going in of Moses.”
[34:34] 47 tn The temporal clause begins with the temporal preposition “until,” followed by an infinitive construct with the suffixed subjective genitive.
[34:34] 48 tn The form is the Pual imperfect, but since the context demands a past tense here, in fact a past perfect tense, this is probably an old preterite form without a vav consecutive.
[34:35] 49 tn Now the perfect tense with vav consecutive is subordinated to the next clause, “Moses returned the veil….”
[34:35] 50 tn Verbs of seeing often take two accusatives. Here, the second is the noun clause explaining what it was about the face that they saw.
[34:35] 51 tn Heb “with him”; the referent (the
