Ezekiel 1:5

1:5 In the fire ¹  were what looked like ²  four living beings. ³  In their appearance they had human form, ⁴ 

Ezekiel 4:10-12

4:10 The food you eat will be eight ounces ⁵  a day by weight; you must eat it at fixed ⁶  times. 4:11 And you must drink water by measure, a pint and a half; ⁷  you must drink it at fixed times. 4:12 And you must eat the food like you would a barley cake. You must bake it in front of them over a fire made with dried human excrement.” ⁸ 

Ezekiel 8:3

8:3 He stretched out the form ⁹  of a hand and grabbed me by a lock of hair on my head. Then a wind ¹⁰  lifted me up between the earth and sky and brought me to Jerusalem ¹¹  by means of divine visions, to the door of the inner gate which faces north where the statue ¹²  which provokes to jealousy was located.

Ezekiel 20:48

20:48 And everyone ¹³  will see that I, the Lord, have burned it; it will not be extinguished.’”

Ezekiel 23:48

23:48 I will put an end to the obscene conduct in the land; all the women will learn a lesson from this and not engage in obscene conduct.

Ezekiel 43:23

43:23 When you have finished purifying it, you will offer an unblemished young bull and an unblemished ram from the flock.

[1:5]  ¹ tc Heb “from its midst” (מִתּוֹכָהּ, mitokhah). The LXX reads ἐν τῷ μέσῳ (en tw mesw, “in the midst of it”). The LXX also reads ἐν for מִתּוֹךְ (mitokh) in v. 4. The translator of the LXX of Ezekiel either read בְּתוֹךְ (bÿtokh, “within”) in his Hebrew exemplar or could not imagine how מִתּוֹךְ could make sense and so chose to use ἐν. The Hebrew would be understood by adding “from its midst emerged the forms of four living beings.”

[1:5]  ² tn Heb “form, figure, appearance.”

[1:5]  ³ tn The Hebrew term is feminine plural yet thirty-three of the forty-five pronominal suffixes and verbal references which refer to the living beings in the chapter are masculine plural. The grammatical vacillation between masculine and feminine plurals suggests the difficulty Ezekiel had in penning these words as he was overcome by the vision of God. In ancient Near Eastern sculpture very similar images of part-human, part-animal creatures serve as throne and sky bearers. For a discussion of ancient Near Eastern parallels, see L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 1:26-31. Ezekiel’s vision is an example of contextualization, where God accommodates his self-revelation to cultural expectations and norms.

[1:5]  ⁴ sn They had human form may mean they stood erect.

[4:10]  ⁵ sn Eight ounces (Heb “twenty shekels”). The standards for weighing money varied considerably in the ancient Near East, but the generally accepted weight for the shekel is 11.5 grams (0.4 ounce). This makes the weight of grain about 230 grams here (8 ounces).

[4:10]  ⁶ tn Heb “from time to time.”

[4:11]  ⁹ sn A pint and a half [Heb “one-sixth of a hin”]. One-sixth of a hin was a quantity of liquid equal to about 1.3 pints or 0.6 liters.

[4:12]  ¹³ sn Human waste was to remain outside the camp of the Israelites according to Deut 23:15.

[8:3]  ¹⁷ tn The Hebrew term is normally used as an architectural term in describing the pattern of the tabernacle or temple or a representation of it (see Exod 25:8; 1 Chr 28:11).

[8:3]  ¹⁸ tn Or “spirit.” See note on “wind” in 2:2.

[8:3]  ¹⁹ map For the location of Jerusalem see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[8:3]  ²⁰ tn Or “image.”

[20:48]  ²¹ tn Heb “all flesh.”