Ezra 3:12-13

3:12 Many of the priests, the Levites, and the leaders ¹  – older people who had seen with their own eyes the former temple while it was still established ²  – were weeping loudly, ³  and many others raised their voice in a joyous shout. 3:13 People were unable to tell the difference between the sound of joyous shouting and the sound of the people’s weeping, for the people were shouting so loudly ⁴  that the sound was heard a long way off.

Psalms 2:11

2:11 Serve ⁵  the Lord in fear!

Repent in terror! ⁶ 

Mark 16:8

16:8 Then ⁷  they went out and ran from the tomb, for terror and bewilderment had seized them. ⁸  And they said nothing to anyone, because they were afraid.

Luke 24:36-41

Jesus Makes a Final Appearance

24:36 While they were saying these things, Jesus ⁹  himself stood among them and said to them, “Peace be with you.” ¹⁰  24:37 But they were startled and terrified, thinking ¹¹  they saw a ghost. ¹²  24:38 Then ¹³  he said to them, “Why are you frightened, ¹⁴  and why do doubts ¹⁵  arise in your hearts? 24:39 Look at my hands and my feet; it’s me! ¹⁶  Touch me and see; a ghost ¹⁷  does not have flesh and bones like you see I have.” 24:40 When he had said this, he showed them his hands and his feet. ¹⁸  24:41 And while they still could not believe it ¹⁹  (because of their joy) and were amazed, ²⁰  he said to them, “Do you have anything here to eat?” ²¹ 

John 16:20

16:20 I tell you the solemn truth, ²²  you will weep ²³  and wail, ²⁴  but the world will rejoice; you will be sad, ²⁵  but your sadness will turn into ²⁶  joy.

John 16:22

16:22 So also you have sorrow ²⁷  now, but I will see you again, and your hearts will rejoice, and no one will take your joy away from you. ²⁸ 

John 20:20-21

20:20 When he had said this, he showed them his hands and his side. Then the disciples rejoiced when they saw the Lord. ²⁹  20:21 So Jesus said to them again, “Peace be with you. Just as the Father has sent me, I also send you.”

[3:12]  ¹ tn Heb “the heads of the fathers.”

[3:12]  ² sn The temple had been destroyed some fifty years earlier by the Babylonians in 586 b.c.

[3:12]  ³ tn Heb “with a great voice.”

[3:13]  ⁴ tn Heb “a great shout.”

[2:11]  ⁵ tn The Hebrew verb translated “serve” refers here to submitting to the Lord’s sovereignty as expressed through the rule of the Davidic king. Such “service” would involve maintaining allegiance to the Davidic king by paying tribute on a regular basis.

[2:11]  ⁶ tn Traditionally, “rejoice with trembling” (KJV). The verb גִּיל (gil) normally means “rejoice,” but this meaning does not fit well here in conjunction with “in trembling.” Some try to understand “trembling” (and the parallel יִרְאָה, yir’ah, “fear”) in the sense of “reverential awe” and then take the verbs “serve” and “rejoice” in the sense of “worship” (cf. NASB). But רְעָדָה (rÿ’adah, “trembling”) and its related terms consistently refer to utter terror and fear (see Exod 15:15; Job 4:14; Pss 48:6; 55:5; 104:32; Isa 33:14; Dan 10:11) or at least great emotional distress (Ezra 10:9). It seems more likely here that גִּיל carries its polarized meaning “mourn, lament,” as in Hos 10:5. “Mourn, lament” would then be metonymic in this context for “repent” (referring to one’s rebellious ways). On the meaning of the verb in Hos 10:5, see F. I. Andersen and D. N. Freedman, Hosea (AB), 556-57.

[16:8]  ⁷ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.

[16:8]  ⁸ tn Grk “they began to have trembling and bewilderment.”

[24:36]  ⁹ tn Grk “he”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[24:36]  ¹⁰ tc The words “and said to them, ‘Peace be with you’” are lacking in some Western mss (D it). But the clause is otherwise well attested, being found in Ì⁷⁵ and the rest of the ms tradition, and should be considered an original part of Luke.

[24:37]  ¹¹ sn The disciples were still not comfortable at this point thinking that this could be Jesus raised from the dead. Instead they thought they saw a spirit.

[24:37]  ¹² tc This is not a reference to “a phantom” as read by the Western ms D. For πνεῦμα (pneuma) having the force of “ghost,” or “an independent noncorporeal being, in contrast to a being that can be perceived by the physical senses,” see BDAG 833-34 s.v. πνεῦμα 4.

[24:38]  ¹³ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.

[24:38]  ¹⁴ tn Or “disturbed,” “troubled.”

[24:38]  ¹⁵ tn The expression here is an idiom; see BDAG 58 s.v. ἀναβαίνω 2. Here καρδία (kardia) is a collective singular; the expression has been translated as plural in English.

[24:39]  ¹⁶ tn Grk “that it is I myself.”

[24:39]  ¹⁷ tn See tc note on “ghost” in v. 37.

[24:40]  ¹⁸ tc Some Western mss (D it) lack 24:40. However, it is present in all other mss, including Ì⁷⁵, and should thus be regarded as an original part of Luke’s Gospel.

[24:41]  ¹⁹ sn They still could not believe it. Is this a continued statement of unbelief? Or is it a rhetorical expression of their amazement? They are being moved to faith, so a rhetorical force is more likely here.

[24:41]  ²⁰ sn Amazement is the common response to unusual activity: 1:63; 2:18; 4:22; 7:9; 8:25; 9:43; 11:14; 20:26.

[24:41]  ²¹ sn Do you have anything here to eat? Eating would remove the idea that a phantom was present. Angelic spirits refused a meal in Jdt 13:16 and Tob 12:19, but accepted it in Gen 18:8; 19:3 and Tob 6:6.

[16:20]  ²² tn Grk “Truly, truly, I say to you.”

[16:20]  ²³ tn Or “wail,” “cry.”

[16:20]  ²⁴ tn Or “lament.”

[16:20]  ²⁵ tn Or “sorrowful.”

[16:20]  ²⁶ tn Grk “will become.”

[16:22]  ²⁷ tn Or “distress.”

[16:22]  ²⁸ sn An allusion to Isa 66:14 LXX, which reads: “Then you will see, and your heart will be glad, and your bones will flourish like the new grass; and the hand of the Lord will be made known to his servants, but he will be indignant toward his enemies.” The change from “you will see [me]” to I will see you places more emphasis on Jesus as the one who reinitiates the relationship with the disciples after his resurrection, but v. 16 (you will see me) is more like Isa 66:14. Further support for seeing this allusion as intentional is found in Isa 66:7, which uses the same imagery of the woman giving birth found in John 16:21. In the context of Isa 66 the passages refer to the institution of the messianic kingdom, and in fact the last clause of 66:14 along with the following verses (15-17) have yet to be fulfilled. This is part of the tension of present and future eschatological fulfillment that runs throughout the NT, by virtue of the fact that there are two advents. Some prophecies are fulfilled or partially fulfilled at the first advent, while other prophecies or parts of prophecies await fulfillment at the second.

[20:20]  ²⁹ sn When the disciples recognized Jesus (now referred to as the Lord, cf. Mary’s words in v. 18) they were suddenly overcome with joy. This was a fulfillment of Jesus’ words to the disciples in the Farewell Discourse (16:20-22) that they would have sorrow while the world rejoiced, but that their sorrow would be turned to lasting joy when they saw him again.