Galatians 1:1

Salutation

1:1 From Paul, ¹  an apostle (not from men, nor by human agency, but by Jesus Christ and God the Father who raised him from the dead)

Galatians 1:15-20

1:15 But when the one ²  who set me apart from birth ³  and called me by his grace was pleased 1:16 to reveal his Son in ⁴  me so that I could preach him ⁵  among the Gentiles, I did not go to ask advice from ⁶  any human being, ⁷  1:17 nor did I go up to Jerusalem ⁸  to see those who were apostles before me, but right away I departed to Arabia, ⁹  and then returned to Damascus.

1:18 Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem ¹⁰  to visit Cephas ¹¹  and get information from him, ¹²  and I stayed with him fifteen days. 1:19 But I saw none of the other apostles ¹³  except James the Lord’s brother. 1:20 I assure you ¹⁴  that, before God, I am not lying about what I am writing to you! ¹⁵ 

[1:1]  ¹ tn Grk “Paul.” The word “from” is not in the Greek text, but has been supplied to indicate the sender of the letter.

[1:15]  ² tc ‡ Several important witnesses have ὁ θεός (Jo qeos) after εὐδόκησεν (eudokhsen; so א A D Ψ 0278 33 1739 1881 Ï co) while the shorter reading is supported by Ì⁴⁶ B F G 629 1505 pc lat. There is hardly any reason why scribes would omit the words (although the Beatty papyrus and the Western text do at times omit words and phrases), but several reasons why scribes would add the words (especially the need to clarify). The confluence of witnesses for the shorter reading (including a few fathers and versions) adds strong support for its authenticity. It is also in keeping with Paul’s style to refrain from mentioning God by name as a rhetorical device (cf. ExSyn 437 [although this section deals with passive constructions, the principle is the same]). NA²⁷ includes the words in brackets, indicating some doubts as to their authenticity.

[1:15]  ³ tn Grk “from my mother’s womb.”

[1:16]  ⁴ tn Or “to me”; the Greek preposition ἐν (en) can mean either, depending on the context.

[1:16]  ⁵ tn This pronoun refers to “his Son,” mentioned earlier in the verse.

[1:16]  ⁶ tn Or “I did not consult with.” For the translation “I did not go to ask advice from” see L&N 33.175.

[1:16]  ⁷ tn Grk “from flesh and blood.”

[1:17]  ⁸ map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[1:17]  ⁹ sn As a geographical region Arabia included the territory west of Mesopotamia, east and south of Syria and Palestine, extending to the isthmus of Suez. During the Roman occupation, some independent kingdoms arose like that of the Nabateans south of Damascus, and these could be called simply Arabia. In light of the proximity to Damascus, this may well be the territory Paul says he visited here. See also C. W. Briggs, “The Apostle Paul in Arabia,” Biblical World 41 (1913): 255-59.

[1:18]  ¹⁰ map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[1:18]  ¹¹ sn Cephas. This individual is generally identified with the Apostle Peter (L&N 93.211).

[1:18]  ¹² tn Although often translated “to get acquainted with Cephas,” this could give the impression of merely a social call. L&N 34.52 has “to visit, with the purpose of obtaining information” for the meaning of ἱστορέω (Jistorew), particularly in this verse.

[1:19]  ¹³ tn Grk “But another of the apostles I did not see, except…” with “another” in emphatic position in the Greek text. Paul is determined to make the point that his contacts with the original twelve apostles and other leaders of the Jerusalem church were limited, thus asserting his independence from them.

[1:20]  ¹⁴ tn Grk “behold.”

[1:20]  ¹⁵ tn Grk “What things I am writing to you, behold, before God [that] I am not lying.”