Discovery BoxGenesis 32:19-32
Context32:19 He also gave these instructions to the second and third servants, as well as all those who were following the herds, saying, “You must say the same thing to Esau when you meet him. 1 32:20 You must also say, ‘In fact your servant Jacob is behind us.’” 2 Jacob thought, 3 “I will first appease him 4 by sending a gift ahead of me. 5 After that I will meet him. 6 Perhaps he will accept me.” 7 32:21 So the gifts were sent on ahead of him 8 while he spent that night in the camp. 9
32:22 During the night Jacob quickly took 10 his two wives, his two female servants, and his eleven sons 11 and crossed the ford of the Jabbok. 12 32:23 He took them and sent them across the stream along with all his possessions. 13 32:24 So Jacob was left alone. Then a man 14 wrestled 15 with him until daybreak. 16 32:25 When the man 17 saw that he could not defeat Jacob, 18 he struck 19 the socket of his hip so the socket of Jacob’s hip was dislocated while he wrestled with him.
32:26 Then the man 20 said, “Let me go, for the dawn is breaking.” 21 “I will not let you go,” Jacob replied, 22 “unless you bless me.” 23 32:27 The man asked him, 24 “What is your name?” 25 He answered, “Jacob.” 32:28 “No longer will your name be Jacob,” the man told him, 26 “but Israel, 27 because you have fought 28 with God and with men and have prevailed.”
32:29 Then Jacob asked, “Please tell me your name.” 29 “Why 30 do you ask my name?” the man replied. 31 Then he blessed 32 Jacob 33 there. 32:30 So Jacob named the place Peniel, 34 explaining, 35 “Certainly 36 I have seen God face to face 37 and have survived.” 38
32:31 The sun rose 39 over him as he crossed over Penuel, 40 but 41 he was limping because of his hip. 32:32 That is why to this day 42 the Israelites do not eat the sinew which is attached to the socket of the hip, because he struck 43 the socket of Jacob’s hip near the attached sinew.
[32:19] 1 tn Heb “And he commanded also the second, also the third, also all the ones going after the herds, saying: ‘According to this word you will speak when you find him.’”
[32:20] 2 tn Heb “and look, your servant Jacob [is] behind us.”
[32:20] 3 tn Heb “for he said.” The referent (Jacob) has been specified in the translation for clarity. The Hebrew word מַקֵל (maqel), traditionally represents Jacob’s thought or reasoning, and is therefore translated “thought.”
[32:20] 4 tn Heb “I will appease his face.” The cohortative here expresses Jacob’s resolve. In the Book of Leviticus the Hebrew verb translated “appease” has the idea of removing anger due to sin or guilt, a nuance that fits this passage very well. Jacob wanted to buy Esau off with a gift of more than five hundred and fifty animals.
[32:20] 5 tn Heb “with a gift going before me.”
[32:20] 6 tn Heb “I will see his face.”
[32:20] 7 tn Heb “Perhaps he will lift up my face.” In this context the idiom refers to acceptance.
[32:21] 8 tn Heb “and the gift passed over upon his face.”
[32:21] 9 tn The disjunctive clause is circumstantial/temporal.
[32:22] 10 tn Heb “and he arose in that night and he took.” The first verb is adverbial, indicating that he carried out the crossing right away.
[32:22] 11 tn The Hebrew term used here is יֶלֶד (yeled) which typically describes male offspring. Some translations render the term “children” but this is a problem because by this time Jacob had twelve children in all, including one daughter, Dinah, born to Leah (Gen 30:21). Benjamin, his twelfth son and thirteenth child, was not born until later (Gen 35:16-19).
[32:22] 12 sn Hebrew narrative style often includes a summary statement of the whole passage followed by a more detailed report of the event. Here v. 22 is the summary statement, while v. 23 begins the detailed account.
[32:23] 13 tn Heb “and he sent across what he had.”
[32:24] 14 sn Reflecting Jacob’s perspective at the beginning of the encounter, the narrator calls the opponent simply “a man.” Not until later in the struggle does Jacob realize his true identity.
[32:24] 15 sn The verb translated “wrestled” (וַיֵּאָבֵק, vayye’aveq) sounds in Hebrew like the names “Jacob” (יַעֲקֹב, ya’aqov) and “Jabbok” (יַבֹּק, yabboq). In this way the narrator links the setting, the main action, and the main participant together in the mind of the reader or hearer.
[32:24] 16 tn Heb “until the rising of the dawn.”
[32:25] 17 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the man) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[32:25] 18 tn Heb “him”; the referent (Jacob) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[32:25] 19 tn Or “injured”; traditionally “touched.” The Hebrew verb translated “struck” has the primary meanings “to touch; to reach; to strike.” It can, however, carry the connotation “to harm; to molest; to injure.” God’s “touch” cripples Jacob – it would be comparable to a devastating blow.
[32:26] 20 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the man) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[32:26] 21 tn Heb “dawn has arisen.”
[32:26] 22 tn Heb “and he said, ‘I will not let you go.’” The referent of the pronoun “he” (Jacob) has been specified for clarity, and the order of the introductory clause and the direct discourse has been rearranged in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[32:26] 23 sn Jacob wrestled with a man thinking him to be a mere man, and on that basis was equal to the task. But when it had gone on long enough, the night visitor touched Jacob and crippled him. Jacob’s request for a blessing can only mean that he now knew that his opponent was supernatural. Contrary to many allegorical interpretations of the passage that make fighting equivalent to prayer, this passage shows that Jacob stopped fighting, and then asked for a blessing.
[32:27] 24 tn Heb “and he said to him.” The referent of the pronoun “he” (the man who wrestled with Jacob) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[32:27] 25 sn What is your name? The question is rhetorical, since the
[32:28] 26 tn Heb “and he said.” The referent of the pronoun “he” (the man who wrestled with Jacob) has been specified for clarity, and the order of the introductory clause and the direct discourse has been rearranged in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[32:28] 27 sn The name Israel is a common construction, using a verb with a theophoric element (אֵל, ’el) that usually indicates the subject of the verb. Here it means “God fights.” This name will replace the name Jacob; it will be both a promise and a call for faith. In essence, the
[32:28] 28 sn You have fought. The explanation of the name Israel includes a sound play. In Hebrew the verb translated “you have fought” (שָׂרִיתָ, sarita) sounds like the name “Israel” (יִשְׂרָאֵל, yisra’el ), meaning “God fights” (although some interpret the meaning as “he fights [with] God”). The name would evoke the memory of the fight and what it meant. A. Dillmann says that ever after this the name would tell the Israelites that, when Jacob contended successfully with God, he won the battle with man (Genesis, 2:279). To be successful with God meant that he had to be crippled in his own self-sufficiency (A. P. Ross, “Jacob at the Jabboq, Israel at Peniel,” BSac 142 [1985]: 51-62).
[32:29] 29 sn Tell me your name. In primitive thought to know the name of a deity or supernatural being would enable one to use it for magical manipulation or power (A. S. Herbert, Genesis 12-50 [TBC], 108). For a thorough structural analysis of the passage discussing the plays on the names and the request of Jacob, see R. Barthes, “The Struggle with the Angel: Textual Analysis of Genesis 32:23-33,” Structural Analysis and Biblical Exegesis (PTMS), 21-33.
[32:29] 30 tn The question uses the enclitic pronoun “this” to emphasize the import of the question.
[32:29] 31 tn Heb “and he said, ‘Why is it that you ask my name?’” The referent of the pronoun “he” (the man who wrestled with Jacob) has been specified for clarity, and the order of the introductory clause and the direct discourse has been rearranged in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[32:29] 32 tn The verb here means that the
[32:29] 33 tn Heb “him”; the referent (Jacob) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[32:30] 34 sn The name Peniel means “face of God.” Since Jacob saw God face to face here, the name is appropriate.
[32:30] 35 tn The word “explaining” is supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
[32:30] 37 sn I have seen God face to face. See the note on the name “Peniel” earlier in the verse.
[32:30] 38 tn Heb “and my soul [= life] has been preserved.”
[32:31] 40 sn The name is spelled Penuel here, apparently a variant spelling of Peniel (see v. 30).
[32:31] 41 tn The disjunctive clause draws attention to an important fact: He may have crossed the stream, but he was limping.
[32:32] 42 sn On the use of the expression to this day, see B. S. Childs, “A Study of the Formula ‘Until This Day’,” JBL 82 (1963): 279-92.
[32:32] 43 tn Or “because the socket of Jacob’s hip was struck.” Some translations render this as an impersonal passive. On the translation of the word “struck” see the note on this term in v. 25.
