Hosea 2:5-7

2:5 For their mother has committed adultery;

she who conceived them has acted shamefully.

For she said, “I will seek out ¹  my lovers; ² 

they are the ones who give me my bread and my water,

my wool, my flax, my olive oil, and my wine. ³ 

The Lord’s Discipline Will Bring Israel Back

2:6 Therefore, I will soon ⁴  fence her in ⁵  with thorns;

I will wall her in ⁶  so that ⁷  she cannot find her way. ⁸ 

2:7 Then she will pursue her lovers, but she will not catch ⁹  them;

she will seek them, but she will not find them. ¹⁰ 

Then she will say,

“I will go back ¹¹  to my husband, ¹² 

because I was better off then than I am now.” ¹³ 

Hosea 2:10

2:10 Soon ¹⁴  I will expose her lewd nakedness ¹⁵  in front of her lovers,

and no one will be able to rescue her from me! ¹⁶ 

Hosea 12:1

12:1 Ephraim continually feeds on the wind;

he chases the east wind all day;

he multiplies lies and violence.

They make treaties ¹⁷  with Assyria,

and send olive oil as tribute ¹⁸  to Egypt.

Isaiah 30:6

30:6 This is a message ¹⁹  about the animals in the Negev:

Through a land of distress and danger,

inhabited by lionesses and roaring lions, ²⁰ 

by snakes and darting adders, ²¹ 

they transport ²²  their wealth on the backs of donkeys,

their riches on the humps of camels,

to a nation that cannot help them. ²³ 

Ezekiel 16:33-34

16:33 All prostitutes receive payment, ²⁴  but instead you give gifts to every one of your lovers. You bribe them to come to you from all around for your sexual favors! 16:34 You were different from other prostitutes ²⁵  because no one solicited you. When you gave payment and no payment was given to you, you became the opposite!

[2:5]  ¹ tn Heb “I will go after” (so KJV, NAB, NIV, NRSV).

[2:5]  ² sn This statement alludes to the practice of sexual rites in the Canaanite fertility cult which attempted to secure agricultural fertility from the Canaanite gods (note the following reference to wool, flax, olive oil, and wine).

[2:5]  ³ tn Heb “my drinks.” Many English versions use the singular “drink” here, but cf. NCV, TEV, CEV “wine.”

[2:6]  ⁴ tn The deictic particle הִנְנִי (hinni, “Behold!”) introduces a future-time reference participle that refers to imminent future action: “I am about to” (TEV “I am going to”).

[2:6]  ⁵ tn Heb “I will hedge up her way”; NIV “block her path.”

[2:6]  ⁶ tn Heb “I will wall in her wall.” The cognate accusative construction וְגָדַרְתִּי אֶת־גְּדֵרָהּ (vÿgadarti ’et-gÿderah, “I will wall in her wall”) is an emphatic literary device. The 3rd person feminine singular suffix on the noun functions as a dative of disadvantage: “as a wall against her” (A. B. Davidson, Hebrew Syntax, 3, remark 2). The expression means “I will build a wall to bar her way.” Cf. KJV “I will make a wall”; TEV “I will build a wall”; RSV, NASB, NRSV “I will build a wall against her”; NLT “I will fence her in.”

[2:6]  ⁷ tn The disjunctive clause (object followed by negated verb) introduces a clause which can be understood as either purpose or result.

[2:6]  ⁸ tn Heb “her paths” (so NAB, NRSV).

[2:7]  ⁹ tn Heb “overtake” (so KJV, NAB, NASB, NRSV); NLT “be able to catch up with.”

[2:7]  ¹⁰ tn In the Hebrew text the accusative direct object pronoun אֹתָם (’otam, “them”) is omitted/elided for balanced poetic parallelism. The LXX supplies αὐτους (autous, “them”); but it is not necessary to emend the MT because this is a poetic literary convention rather than a textual problem.

[2:7]  ¹¹ tn Heb “I will go and return” (so NRSV). The two verbs joined with vav form a verbal hendiadys. Normally, the first verb functions adverbially and the second retains its full verbal sense (GKC 386-87 §120.d, h). The Hebrew phrase אֵלְכָה וְאָשׁוּבָה (’elkhah vÿ’ashuvah, “I will go and I will return”) connotes, “I will return again.” As cohortatives, both verbs emphasize the resolution of the speaker.

[2:7]  ¹² tn Heb “to my man, the first.” Many English translations (e.g., KJV, NAB, NRSV, TEV) take this as “my first husband,” although this implies that there was more than one husband involved. The text refers to multiple lovers, but these were not necessarily husbands.

[2:7]  ¹³ tn Or “because it was better for me then than now” (cf. NCV).

[2:10]  ¹⁴ tn The particle עַתָּה (’attah) often refers to the imminent or the impending future: “very soon” (BDB 774 s.v. עַתָּה 1.b). In Hosea it normally introduces imminent judgment (Hos 2:12; 4:16; 5:7; 8:8, 13; 10:2).

[2:10]  ¹⁵ tn Heb “her lewdness” (so KJV, NIV); NAB, NRSV “her shame.”

[2:10]  ¹⁶ tn Heb “out of my hand” (so NAB, NASB, NRSV); TEV “save her from my power.”

[12:1]  ¹⁷ tn Heb “a treaty” (so NIV, NRSV); KJV, NASB “a covenant”; NAB “comes to terms.”

[12:1]  ¹⁸ tn The phrase “as tribute” does not appear in the Hebrew text, but is supplied in the translation for clarity. Cf. NCV “send a gift of olive oil.”

[30:6]  ¹⁹ tn Traditionally, “burden” (so KJV, ASV); NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV “oracle.”

[30:6]  ²⁰ tc Heb “[a land of] a lioness and a lion, from them.” Some emend מֵהֶם (mehem, “from them”) to מֵהֵם (mehem), an otherwise unattested Hiphil participle from הָמַם (hamam, “move noisily”). Perhaps it would be better to take the initial mem (מ) as enclitic and emend the form to הֹמֶה (homeh), a Qal active participle from הָמָה (hamah, “to make a noise”); cf. J. N. Oswalt, Isaiah (NICOT), 1:542, n. 9.

[30:6]  ²¹ tn Heb “flying fiery one.” See the note at 14:29.

[30:6]  ²² tn Or “carry” (KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV).

[30:6]  ²³ sn This verse describes messengers from Judah transporting wealth to Egypt in order to buy Pharaoh’s protection through a treaty.

[16:33]  ²⁴ tn The Hebrew word occurs only here in the OT.

[16:34]  ²⁵ tn Heb “With you it was opposite of women in your prostitution.”