Discovery BoxIsaiah 54:1--55:13
Context54:1 “Shout for joy, O barren one who has not given birth!
Give a joyful shout and cry out, you who have not been in labor!
For the children of the desolate one are more numerous
than the children of the married woman,” says the Lord.
54:2 Make your tent larger,
stretch your tent curtains farther out! 1
Spare no effort,
lengthen your ropes,
and pound your stakes deep. 2
54:3 For you will spread out to the right and to the left;
your children will conquer 3 nations
and will resettle desolate cities.
54:4 Don’t be afraid, for you will not be put to shame!
Don’t be intimidated, 4 for you will not be humiliated!
You will forget about the shame you experienced in your youth;
you will no longer remember the disgrace of your abandonment. 5
54:5 For your husband is the one who made you –
the Lord who commands armies is his name.
He is your protector, 6 the Holy One of Israel. 7
He is called “God of the entire earth.”
54:6 “Indeed, the Lord will call you back
like a wife who has been abandoned and suffers from depression, 8
like a young wife when she has been rejected,” says your God.
54:7 “For a short time I abandoned 9 you,
but with great compassion I will gather you.
54:8 In a burst 10 of anger I rejected you 11 momentarily,
but with lasting devotion I will have compassion on you,”
says your protector, 12 the Lord.
54:9 “As far as I am concerned, this is like in Noah’s time, 13
when I vowed that the waters of Noah’s flood 14 would never again cover the earth.
In the same way I have vowed that I will not be angry at you or shout at you.
54:10 Even if the mountains are removed
and the hills displaced,
my devotion will not be removed from you,
nor will my covenant of friendship 15 be displaced,”
says the Lord, the one who has compassion on you.
54:11 “O afflicted one, driven away, 16 and unconsoled!
Look, I am about to set your stones in antimony
and I lay your foundation with lapis-lazuli.
54:12 I will make your pinnacles out of gems, 17
your gates out of beryl, 18
and your outer wall 19 out of beautiful 20 stones.
54:13 All your children will be followers of the Lord,
and your children will enjoy great prosperity. 21
54:14 You will be reestablished when I vindicate you. 22
You will not experience oppression; 23
indeed, you will not be afraid.
You will not be terrified, 24
for nothing frightening 25 will come near you.
54:15 If anyone dares to 26 challenge you, it will not be my doing!
Whoever tries to challenge you will be defeated. 27
54:16 Look, I create the craftsman,
who fans the coals into a fire
and forges a weapon. 28
I create the destroyer so he might devastate.
54:17 No weapon forged to be used against you will succeed;
you will refute everyone who tries to accuse you. 29
This is what the Lord will do for his servants –
I will vindicate them,” 30
says the Lord.
55:1 “Hey, 31 all who are thirsty, come to the water!
You who have no money, come!
Buy and eat!
Come! Buy wine and milk
without money and without cost! 32
55:2 Why pay money for something that will not nourish you? 33
Why spend 34 your hard-earned money 35 on something that will not satisfy?
Listen carefully 36 to me and eat what is nourishing! 37
Enjoy fine food! 38
55:3 Pay attention and come to me!
Listen, so you can live! 39
Then I will make an unconditional covenantal promise to 40 you,
just like the reliable covenantal promises I made to David. 41
55:4 Look, I made him a witness to nations, 42
a ruler and commander of nations.”
55:5 Look, you will summon nations 43 you did not previously know;
nations 44 that did not previously know you will run to you,
because of the Lord your God,
the Holy One of Israel, 45
for he bestows honor on you.
55:6 Seek the Lord while he makes himself available; 46
call to him while he is nearby!
55:7 The wicked need to abandon their lifestyle 47
and sinful people their plans. 48
They should return 49 to the Lord, and he will show mercy to them, 50
and to their God, for he will freely forgive them. 51
55:8 “Indeed, 52 my plans 53 are not like 54 your plans,
and my deeds 55 are not like 56 your deeds,
55:9 for just as the sky 57 is higher than the earth,
so my deeds 58 are superior to 59 your deeds
and my plans 60 superior to your plans.
55:10 61 The rain and snow fall from the sky
and do not return,
but instead water the earth
and make it produce and yield crops,
and provide seed for the planter and food for those who must eat.
55:11 In the same way, the promise that I make
does not return to me, having accomplished nothing. 62
No, it is realized as I desire
and is fulfilled as I intend.” 63
55:12 Indeed you will go out with joy;
you will be led along in peace;
the mountains and hills will give a joyful shout before you,
and all the trees in the field will clap their hands.
55:13 Evergreens will grow in place of thorn bushes,
firs will grow in place of nettles;
they will be a monument to the Lord, 64
a permanent reminder that will remain. 65
[54:2] 1 tn Heb “the curtains of our dwelling places let them stretch out.”
[54:2] 2 tn Heb “your stakes strengthen.”
[54:3] 3 tn Or “take possession of”; NAB “shall dispossess.”
[54:4] 4 tn Or “embarrassed”; NASB “humiliated…disgraced.”
[54:4] 5 tn Another option is to translate, “the disgrace of our widowhood” (so NRSV). However, the following context (vv. 6-7) refers to Zion’s husband, the Lord, abandoning her, not dying. This suggests that an אַלְמָנָה (’almanah) was a woman who had lost her husband, whether by death or abandonment.
[54:5] 6 tn Or “redeemer.” See the note at 41:14.
[54:5] 7 sn See the note on the phrase “the Holy One of Israel” in 1:4.
[54:6] 8 tn Heb “like a woman abandoned and grieved in spirit.”
[54:7] 9 tn Or “forsook” (NASB).
[54:8] 10 tn According to BDB 1009 s.v. שֶׁטֶף the noun שֶׁצֶף here is an alternate form of שֶׁטֶף (shetef, “flood”). Some relate the word to an alleged Akkadian cognate meaning “strength.”
[54:8] 11 tn Heb “I hid my face from you.”
[54:8] 12 tn Or “redeemer.” See the note at 41:14.
[54:9] 13 tc The Hebrew text reads literally, “For [or “indeed”] the waters of Noah [is] this to me.” כִּי־מֵי (ki-me, “for the waters of”) should be emended to כְּמֵי (kÿmey, “like the days of”), which is supported by the Qumran scroll 1QIsaa and all the ancient versions except LXX.
[54:9] 14 tn Heb “the waters of Noah” (so NAB, NIV, NRSV).
[54:10] 15 tn Heb “peace” (so many English versions); NLT “of blessing.”
[54:11] 16 tn Or, more literally, “windblown, storm tossed.”
[54:12] 17 tn Perhaps, “rubies” (so ASV, NAB, NIV, NRSV, NLT).
[54:12] 18 tn On the meaning of אֶקְדָּח (’eqdakh), which occurs only here, see HALOT 82 s.v.
[54:12] 19 tn Heb “border” (so ASV); NASB “your entire wall.”
[54:12] 20 tn Heb “delightful”; KJV “pleasant.”
[54:13] 21 tn Heb “and great [will be] the peace of your sons.”
[54:14] 22 tn Heb “in righteousness [or “vindication”] you will be established.” The precise meaning of צְדָקָה (tsÿdaqah) here is uncertain. It could mean “righteousness, justice,” indicating that the city will be a center for justice. But the context focuses on deliverance, suggesting that the term means “deliverance, vindication” here.
[54:14] 23 tn Heb “Be far from oppression!” The imperative is used here in a rhetorical manner to express certainty and assurance. See GKC 324 §110.c.
[54:14] 24 tn Heb “from terror.” The rhetorical command, “be far” is understood by ellipsis here. Note the preceding context.
[54:14] 25 tn Heb “it,” i.e., the “terror” just mentioned.
[54:15] 26 tn The infinitive absolute precedes the finite verb here for emphasis.
[54:15] 27 tn Heb “will fall over you.” The expression נָפַל עַל (nafal ’al) can mean “attack,” but here it means “fall over to,” i.e., “surrender to.”
[54:16] 28 tn Heb “who brings out an implement for his work.”
[54:17] 29 tn Heb “and every tongue that rises up for judgment with you will prove to be guilty.”
[54:17] 30 tn Heb “this is the inheritance of the servants of the Lord, and their vindication from me.”
[55:1] 31 tn The Hebrew term הוֹי (hoy, “woe, ah”) was used in funeral laments and is often prefixed to judgment oracles for rhetorical effect. But here it appears to be a simple interjection, designed to grab the audience’s attention. Perhaps there is a note of sorrow or pity. See BDB 223 s.v.
[55:1] 32 sn The statement is an oxymoron. Its ironic quality adds to its rhetorical impact. The statement reminds one of the norm (one must normally buy commodities) as it expresses the astounding offer. One might paraphrase the statement: “Come and take freely what you normally have to pay for.”
[55:2] 33 tn Heb “for what is not food.”
[55:2] 34 tn The interrogative particle and the verb “spend” are understood here by ellipsis (note the preceding line).
[55:2] 35 tn Heb “your labor,” which stands by metonymy for that which one earns.
[55:2] 36 tn The infinitive absolute follows the imperative and lends emphasis to the exhortation.
[55:2] 37 tn Heb “good” (so NASB, NIV, NRSV).
[55:2] 38 tn Heb “Let your appetite delight in fine food.”
[55:3] 39 tn The jussive with vav (ו) conjunctive following the imperative indicates purpose/result.
[55:3] 40 tn Or “an eternal covenant with.”
[55:3] 41 tn Heb “the reliable expressions of loyalty of David.” The syntactical relationship of חַסְדֵי (khasde, “expressions of loyalty”) to the preceding line is unclear. If the term is appositional to בְּרִית (bÿrit, “covenant”), then the Lord here transfers the promises of the Davidic covenant to the entire nation. Another option is to take חַסְדֵי (khasde) as an adverbial accusative and to translate “according to the reliable covenantal promises.” In this case the new covenantal arrangement proposed here is viewed as an extension or perhaps fulfillment of the Davidic promises. A third option, the one reflected in the above translation, is to take the last line as comparative. In this case the new covenant being proposed is analogous to the Davidic covenant. Verses 4-5, which compare David’s international prominence to what Israel will experience, favors this view. In all three of these interpretations, “David” is an objective genitive; he is the recipient of covenantal promises. A fourth option would be to take David as a subjective genitive and understand the line as giving the basis for the preceding promise: “Then I will make an unconditional covenantal promise to you, because of David’s faithful acts of covenantal loyalty.”
[55:4] 42 sn Ideally the Davidic king was to testify to the nations of God’s greatness (cf. Pss 18:50 HT [18:49 ET]; 22:28 HT [22:27 ET]). See J. H. Eaton, Kingship in the Psalms (SBT), 182-84.
[55:5] 43 tn Heb “a nation,” but the singular is collective here, as the plural verbs in the next line indicate (note that both “know” and “run” are third plural forms).
[55:5] 44 tn Heb “a nation,” but the singular is collective here, as the plural verbs that follow indicate.
[55:5] 45 sn See the note on the phrase “the Holy One of Israel” in 1:4.
[55:6] 46 tn Heb “while he allows himself to be found.” The Niphal form has a tolerative force here.
[55:7] 47 tn Heb “Let the wicked one abandon his way.” The singular is collective.
[55:7] 48 tn Heb “and the man of evil his thoughts.” The singular is collective.
[55:7] 49 tn Heb “let him return.” The singular is collective, meaning “let them.”
[55:7] 50 tn The imperfect with vav (ו) conjunctive after the jussive indicates purpose/result.
[55:7] 51 sn The appeal and promise of vv. 6-7 echoes the language of Deut 4:25-31; 30:1-10; and 1 Kgs 8:46-53, all of which anticipate the exile and speak of the prerequisites for restoration.
[55:8] 52 tn Or “For” (KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV).
[55:8] 53 tn Or “thoughts” (so many English versions).
[55:8] 54 tn Heb “are not.” “Like” is interpretive, but v. 9 indicates that a comparison is in view.
[55:8] 55 tn Heb “ways” (so many English versions).
[55:8] 56 tn Heb “are not.” “Like” is interpretive, but v. 9 indicates that a comparison is in view.
[55:9] 57 tn Or “the heavens.” The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heavens” or “sky” depending on the context.
[55:9] 58 tn Heb “ways” (so many English versions).
[55:9] 59 tn Heb “are higher than.”
[55:9] 60 tn Or “thoughts” (so many English versions).
[55:10] 61 tn This verse begins in the Hebrew text with כִּי כַּאֲשֶׁר (ki ka’asher, “for, just as”), which is completed by כֵּן (ken, “so, in the same way”) at the beginning of v. 11. For stylistic reasons, this lengthy sentence is divided up into separate sentences in the translation.
[55:11] 62 tn Heb “so is the word which goes out from my mouth, it does not return to empty.” “Word” refers here to divine promises, like the ones made just prior to and after this (see vv. 7b, 12-13).
[55:11] 63 tn Heb “but it accomplishes what I desire, and succeeds [on the mission] which I send it.”
[55:13] 64 tn Heb “to the Lord for a name.” For שֵׁם (shem) used in the sense of “monument,” see also 56:5, where it stands parallel to יָד (yad).
[55:13] 65 tn Or, more literally, “a permanent sign that will not be cut off.”
