Discovery BoxIsaiah 1:18
Context1:18 1 Come, let’s consider your options,” 2 says the Lord.
“Though your sins have stained you like the color red,
you can become 3 white like snow;
though they are as easy to see as the color scarlet,
you can become 4 white like wool. 5
Isaiah 5:1-30
Context5:1 I 6 will sing to my love –
a song to my lover about his vineyard. 7
My love had a vineyard
on a fertile hill. 8
5:2 He built a hedge around it, 9 removed its stones,
and planted a vine.
He built a tower in the middle of it,
and constructed a winepress.
He waited for it to produce edible grapes,
but it produced sour ones instead. 10
5:3 So now, residents of Jerusalem, 11
people 12 of Judah,
you decide between me and my vineyard!
5:4 What more can I do for my vineyard
beyond what I have already done?
When I waited for it to produce edible grapes,
why did it produce sour ones instead?
5:5 Now I will inform you
what I am about to do to my vineyard:
I will remove its hedge and turn it into pasture, 13
I will break its wall and allow animals to graze there. 14
5:6 I will make it a wasteland;
no one will prune its vines or hoe its ground, 15
and thorns and briers will grow there.
I will order the clouds
not to drop any rain on it.
5:7 Indeed 16 Israel 17 is the vineyard of the Lord who commands armies,
the people 18 of Judah are the cultivated place in which he took delight.
He waited for justice, but look what he got – disobedience! 19
He waited for fairness, but look what he got – cries for help! 20
5:8 Those who accumulate houses are as good as dead, 21
those who also accumulate landed property 22
until there is no land left, 23
and you are the only landowners remaining within the land. 24
5:9 The Lord who commands armies told me this: 25
“Many houses will certainly become desolate,
large, impressive houses will have no one living in them. 26
5:10 Indeed, a large vineyard 27 will produce just a few gallons, 28
and enough seed to yield several bushels 29 will produce less than a bushel.” 30
5:11 Those who get up early to drink beer are as good as dead, 31
those who keep drinking long after dark
until they are intoxicated with wine. 32
5:12 They have stringed instruments, 33 tambourines, flutes,
and wine at their parties.
So they do not recognize what the Lord is doing,
they do not perceive what he is bringing about. 34
5:13 Therefore my 35 people will be deported 36
because of their lack of understanding.
Their 37 leaders will have nothing to eat, 38
their 39 masses will have nothing to drink. 40
5:14 So Death 41 will open up its throat,
and open wide its mouth; 42
Zion’s dignitaries and masses will descend into it,
including those who revel and celebrate within her. 43
5:15 Men will be humiliated,
they will be brought low;
the proud will be brought low. 44
5:16 The Lord who commands armies will be exalted 45 when he punishes, 46
the sovereign God’s authority will be recognized when he judges. 47
5:17 Lambs 48 will graze as if in their pastures,
amid the ruins the rich sojourners will graze. 49
5:18 Those who pull evil along using cords of emptiness are as good as dead, 50
who pull sin as with cart ropes. 51
5:19 They say, “Let him hurry, let him act quickly, 52
so we can see;
let the plan of the Holy One of Israel 53 take shape 54 and come to pass,
then we will know it!”
5:20 Those who call evil good and good evil are as good as dead, 55
who turn darkness into light and light into darkness,
who turn bitter into sweet and sweet into bitter. 56
5:21 Those who think they are wise are as good as dead, 57
those who think they possess understanding. 58
5:22 Those who are champions 59 at drinking wine are as good as dead, 60
who display great courage when mixing strong drinks.
5:23 They pronounce the guilty innocent for a payoff,
they ignore the just cause of the innocent. 61
5:24 Therefore, as flaming fire 62 devours straw,
and dry grass disintegrates in the flames,
so their root will rot,
and their flower will blow away like dust. 63
For they have rejected the law of the Lord who commands armies,
they have spurned the commands 64 of the Holy One of Israel. 65
5:25 So the Lord is furious 66 with his people;
he lifts 67 his hand and strikes them.
The mountains shake,
and corpses lie like manure 68 in the middle of the streets.
Despite all this, his anger does not subside,
and his hand is ready to strike again. 69
5:26 He lifts a signal flag for a distant nation, 70
he whistles for it to come from the far regions of the earth.
Look, they 71 come quickly and swiftly.
5:27 None tire or stumble,
they don’t stop to nap or sleep.
They don’t loosen their belts,
or unstrap their sandals to rest. 72
5:28 Their arrows are sharpened,
and all their bows are prepared. 73
The hooves of their horses are hard as flint, 74
and their chariot wheels are like a windstorm. 75
5:29 Their roar is like a lion’s;
they roar like young lions.
They growl and seize their prey;
they drag it away and no one can come to the rescue.
5:30 At that time 76 they will growl over their prey, 77
it will sound like sea waves crashing against rocks. 78
One will look out over the land and see the darkness of disaster,
clouds will turn the light into darkness. 79
[1:18] 1 sn The Lord concludes his case against Israel by offering them the opportunity to be forgiven and by setting before them the alternatives of renewed blessing (as a reward for repentance) and final judgment (as punishment for persistence in sin).
[1:18] 2 tn Traditionally, “let us reason together,” but the context suggests a judicial nuance. The Lord is giving the nation its options for the future.
[1:18] 3 tn The imperfects must be translated as modal (indicating capability or possibility) to bring out the conditional nature of the offer. This purification will only occur if the people repent and change their ways.
[1:18] 4 tn The imperfects must be translated as modal (indicating capability or possibility) to bring out the conditional nature of the offer. This purification will only occur if the people repent and change their ways.
[1:18] 5 tn Heb “though your sins are like red, they will become white like snow; though they are red like scarlet, they will be like wool.” The point is not that the sins will be covered up, though still retained. The metaphorical language must be allowed some flexibility and should not be pressed into a rigid literalistic mold. The people’s sins will be removed and replaced by ethical purity. The sins that are now as obvious as the color red will be washed away and the ones who are sinful will be transformed.
[5:1] 6 tn It is uncertain who is speaking here. Possibly the prophet, taking the role of best man, composes a love song for his friend on the occasion of his wedding. If so, יָדִיד (yadid) should be translated “my friend.” The present translation assumes that Israel is singing to the Lord. The word דוֹד (dod, “lover”) used in the second line is frequently used by the woman in the Song of Solomon to describe her lover.
[5:1] 7 sn Israel, viewing herself as the Lord’s lover, refers to herself as his vineyard. The metaphor has sexual connotations, for it pictures her capacity to satisfy his appetite and to produce children. See Song 8:12.
[5:1] 8 tn Heb “on a horn, a son of oil.” Apparently קֶרֶן (qeren, “horn”) here refers to the horn-shaped peak of a hill (BDB 902 s.v.) or to a mountain spur, i.e., a ridge that extends laterally from a mountain (HALOT 1145 s.v. קֶרֶן; H. Wildberger, Isaiah, 1:180). The expression “son of oil” pictures this hill as one capable of producing olive trees. Isaiah’s choice of קֶרֶן, a rare word for hill, may have been driven by paronomastic concerns, i.e., because קֶרֶן sounds like כֶּרֶם (kerem, “vineyard”).
[5:2] 11 tn Or, “dug it up” (so NIV); KJV “fenced it.’ See HALOT 810 s.v. עזק.
[5:2] 12 tn Heb “wild grapes,” i.e., sour ones (also in v. 4).
[5:3] 16 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.
[5:3] 17 tn Heb “men,” but in a generic sense.
[5:5] 21 tn Heb “and it will become [a place for] grazing.” בָּעַר (ba’ar, “grazing”) is a homonym of the more often used verb “to burn.”
[5:5] 22 tn Heb “and it will become a trampled place” (NASB “trampled ground”).
[5:6] 26 tn Heb “it will not be pruned or hoed” (so NASB); ASV and NRSV both similar.
[5:7] 31 tn Or “For” (KJV, ASV, NASB, NRSV).
[5:7] 32 tn Heb “the house of Israel” (so NASB, NIV, NRSV).
[5:7] 33 tn Heb “men,” but in a generic sense.
[5:7] 34 tn Heb “but, look, disobedience.” The precise meaning of מִשְׂפָּח (mishpakh), which occurs only here in the OT, is uncertain. Some have suggested a meaning “bloodshed.” The term is obviously chosen for its wordplay value; it sounds very much like מִשְׁפָּט (mishpat, “justice”). The sound play draws attention to the point being made; the people have not met the Lord’s expectations.
[5:7] 35 tn Heb “but, look, a cry for help.” The verb (“he waited”) does double duty in the parallelism. צְעָקָה (tsa’qah) refers to the cries for help made by the oppressed. It sounds very much like צְדָקָה (tsÿdaqah, “fairness”). The sound play draws attention to the point being made; the people have not met the Lord’s expectations.
[5:8] 36 tn Heb “Woe [to] those who make a house touch a house.” The exclamation הוֹי (hoy, “woe, ah”) was used in funeral laments (see 1 Kgs 13:30; Jer 22:18; 34:5) and carries the connotation of death.
[5:8] 37 tn Heb “[who] bring a field near a field.”
[5:8] 38 tn Heb “until the end of the place”; NASB “until there is no more room.”
[5:8] 39 tn Heb “and you are made to dwell alone in the midst of the land.”
[5:9] 41 tn Heb “in my ears, the Lord who commands armies [traditionally, the Lord of hosts].”
[5:9] 42 tn Heb “great and good [houses], without a resident.”
[5:10] 46 tn Heb “a ten-yoke vineyard.” The Hebrew term צֶמֶד (tsemed, “yoke”) is here a unit of square measure. Apparently a ten-yoke vineyard covered the same amount of land it would take ten teams of oxen to plow in a certain period of time. The exact size is unknown.
[5:10] 47 tn Heb “one bath.” A bath was a liquid measure. Estimates of its modern equivalent range from approximately six to twelve gallons.
[5:10] 48 tn Heb “a homer.” A homer was a dry measure, the exact size of which is debated. Cf. NCV “ten bushels”; CEV “five bushels.”
[5:10] 49 tn Heb “an ephah.” An ephah was a dry measure; there were ten ephahs in a homer. So this verse envisions major crop failure, where only one-tenth of the anticipated harvest is realized.
[5:11] 51 tn Heb “Woe [to] those who arise early in the morning, [who] chase beer.”
[5:11] 52 tn Heb “[who] delay until dark, [until] wine enflames them.”
[5:12] 56 tn Two types of stringed instruments are specifically mentioned in the Hebrew text, the כִּנּוֹר (kinnor, “zither”) and נֶבֶל (nevel, “harp”).
[5:12] 57 tn Heb “the work of the Lord they do not look at, and the work of his hands they do not see.” God’s “work” can sometimes be his creative deeds, but in this context it is the judgment that he is planning to bring upon his people (cf. vv. 19, 26; 10:12; 28:21).
[5:13] 61 sn It is not certain if the prophet or the Lord is speaking at this point.
[5:13] 62 tn The suffixed (perfect) form of the verb is used; in this way the coming event is described for rhetorical effect as occurring or as already completed.
[5:13] 63 tn The third masculine singular suffix refers back to “my people.”
[5:13] 64 tn Heb “Their glory will be men of hunger.” כָּבוֹד (kavod, “glory”) is in opposition to הָמוֹן (hamon, “masses”) and refers here to the rich and prominent members of the nation. Some prefer to repoint מְתֵי (mÿtey, “men of”) as מִתֵי (mitey, “dead ones of”).
[5:13] 65 tn The third masculine singular suffix refers back to “my people.”
[5:13] 66 tn Heb “and their masses will be parched [by] thirst.”
[5:14] 66 tn Heb “Sheol” (so ASV, NASB, NRSV); the underworld, the land of the dead, according to the OT world view. Cf. NAB “the nether world”; TEV, CEV “the world of the dead”; NLT “the grave.”
[5:14] 67 tn Heb “so Sheol will make wide its throat, and open its mouth without limit.”
[5:14] 68 tn Heb “and her splendor and her masses will go down, and her tumult and the one who exults in her.” The antecedent of the four feminine singular pronominal suffixes used in v. 14b is unclear. The likely referent is personified Zion/Jerusalem (see 3:25-26; 4:4-5).
[5:15] 71 tn Heb “men are brought down, men are brought low, the eyes of pride are brought low.”
[5:16] 76 tn Or “elevated”; TEV “the Lord Almighty shows his greatness.”
[5:16] 77 tn Heb “by judgment/justice.” When God justly punishes the evildoers denounced in the preceding verses, he will be recognized as a mighty warrior.
[5:16] 78 tn Heb “The holy God will be set apart by fairness.” In this context God’s holiness is his sovereign royal authority, which implies a commitment to justice (see the note on the phrase “the sovereign king of Israel” in 1:4). When God judges evildoers as they deserve, his sovereignty will be acknowledged.
[5:17] 81 tn Or “young rams”; NIV, NCV “sheep”; NLT “flocks.”
[5:17] 82 tc The Hebrew text reads literally, “and ruins, fatlings, resident aliens, will eat.” This part of the verse has occasioned various suggestions of emendation. The parallelism is tighter if the second line refers to animals grazing. The translation, “amid the ruins the fatlings and young sheep graze,” assumes an emendation of “resident aliens” (גָּרִים, garim) to “young goats/sheep” (גְּדַיִם, gÿdayim) – confusion of dalet and resh is quite common – and understands “fatlings” and “young sheep” taken as a compound subject or as in apposition as the subject of the verb. However, no emendations are necessary if the above translation is correct. The meaning of מֵחִים (mekhim) has a significant impact on one’s textual decision and translation. The noun can refer to a sacrificial (“fat”) animal as it does in its only other occurrence (Ps 66:15). However, it could signify the rich of the earth (“the fat ones of the earth”; Ps 22:29 [MT 30]) using a different word for “fatness” (דָּשֶׁן, dashen). If so, it serves a figurative reference to the rich. Consequently, the above translation coheres with the first half of the verse. Just as the sheep are out of place grazing in these places (“as in their pasture”), the sojourners would not have expected to have the chance to eat in these locations. Both animals and itinerant foreigners would eat in places not normal for them.
[5:18] 86 sn See the note at v. 8.
[5:18] 87 tc The Hebrew text reads literally, “Woe to those who pull evil with the ropes of emptiness, and, as [with] ropes of a cart, sin.” Though several textual details are unclear, the basic idea is apparent. The sinners are so attached to their sinful ways (compared here to a heavy load) that they strain to drag them along behind them. If שָׁוְא (shavÿ’, “emptiness”) is retained, it makes a further comment on their lifestyle, denouncing it as one that is devoid of what is right and destined to lead to nothing but destruction. Because “emptiness” does not form a very tight parallel with “cart” in the next line, some emend שָׁוְא to שֶׂה (she, “sheep”) and עֲגָלָה (’agalah, “cart”) to עֵגֶל (’egel, “calf”): “Those who pull evil along with a sheep halter are as good as dead who pull sin with a calf rope” (following the lead of the LXX and improving the internal parallelism of the verse). In this case, the verse pictures the sinners pulling sin along behind them as one pulls an animal with a halter. For a discussion of this view, see J. N. Oswalt, Isaiah (NICOT), 1:163, n. 1. Nevertheless, this emendation is unnecessary. The above translation emphasizes the folly of the Israelites who hold on to their sin (and its punishment) even while they hope for divine intervention.
[5:19] 91 tn Heb “let his work hurry, let it hasten.” The pronoun “his” refers to God, as the parallel line makes clear. The reference to his “work” alludes back to v. 12, which refers to his ‘work” of judgment. With these words the people challenged the prophet’s warning of approaching judgment. They were in essence saying that they saw no evidence that God was about to work in such a way.
[5:19] 92 sn See the note on the phrase “the Holy One of Israel” in 1:4.
[5:19] 93 tn Heb “draw near” (so NASB); NRSV “hasten to fulfillment.”
[5:20] 96 tn Heb “Woe [to] those who call.” See the note at v. 8.
[5:20] 97 sn In this verse the prophet denounces the perversion of moral standards. Darkness and bitterness are metaphors for evil; light and sweetness symbolize uprightness.
[5:21] 101 tn Heb “Woe [to] the wise in their own eyes.” See the note at v. 8.
[5:21] 102 tn Heb “[who] before their faces are understanding.”
[5:22] 106 tn The language used here is quite sarcastic and paves the way for the shocking description of the enemy army in vv. 25-30. The rich leaders of Judah are nothing but “party animals” who are totally incapable of withstanding real warriors.
[5:22] 107 tn Heb “Woe [to]….” See the note at v. 8.
[5:23] 111 tn Heb “and the just cause of the innocent ones they turn aside from him.”
[5:24] 116 tn Heb “a tongue of fire” (so NASB), referring to a tongue-shaped flame.
[5:24] 117 sn They are compared to a flowering plant that withers quickly in a hot, arid climate.
[5:24] 119 sn See the note on the phrase “the Holy One of Israel” in 1:4.
[5:25] 121 tn Heb “the anger of the Lord rages.”
[5:25] 122 tn Or “extends”; KJV, ASV “he hath stretched forth.”
[5:25] 123 tn Or “garbage” (NCV, CEV, NLT); NAB, NASB, NIV “refuse.”
[5:25] 124 tn Heb “in all this his anger is not turned, and still his hand is outstretched.”
[5:26] 126 tc The Hebrew text has literally, “for nations from a distance.” The following verses use singular forms to describe this nation, so the final mem (ם) on לְגּוֹיִם (lÿgoyim) may be enclitic or dittographic. In the latter case one could read לְגוֹי מֵרָחוֹק (lÿgoy merakhoq, “for a nation from a distance”; see Deut 28:49; Joel 3:8). Another possibility is to emend the text from לַגּוֹיִם מֵרָחוֹק (laggoyim merakhoq) to לְגוֹי מִמֶּרְחָק (lÿgoy mimmerkhaq, “for a nation from a distant place”) a phrase which occurs in Jer 5:15. In this case an error of misdivision has occurred in MT, the mem of the prefixed preposition being accidentally taken as a plural ending on the preceding word.
[5:26] 127 tn Heb “he.” Singular forms are used throughout vv. 26-30 to describe this nation, but for stylistic reasons the translation uses the plural for these collective singulars.
[5:27] 131 tn Heb “and the belt on his waist is not opened, and the thong of his sandals is not torn in two.”
[5:28] 136 tn Heb “bent” (so KJV, NAB, NASB, NRSV); NIV “are strung.”
[5:28] 137 tn Heb “regarded like flint.”
[5:28] 138 sn They are like a windstorm in their swift movement and in the way they kick up dust.
[5:30] 141 tn Or “in that day” (KJV).
[5:30] 142 tn Heb “over it”; the referent (the prey) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[5:30] 143 tn Heb “like the growling of the sea.”
[5:30] 144 tn Heb “and one will gaze toward the land, and look, darkness of distress, and light will grow dark by its [the land’s?] clouds.”
