Discovery BoxIsaiah 51:12-16
Context51:12 “I, I am the one who consoles you. 1
Why are you afraid of mortal men,
of mere human beings who are as short-lived as grass? 2
51:13 Why do you forget 3 the Lord, who made you,
who stretched out the sky 4
and founded the earth?
Why do you constantly tremble all day long 5
at the anger of the oppressor,
when he makes plans to destroy?
Where is the anger of the oppressor? 6
51:14 The one who suffers 7 will soon be released;
he will not die in prison, 8
he will not go hungry. 9
51:15 I am the Lord your God,
who churns up the sea so that its waves surge.
The Lord who commands armies is his name!
51:16 I commission you 10 as my spokesman; 11
I cover you with the palm of my hand, 12
to establish 13 the sky and to found the earth,
to say to Zion, ‘You are my people.’” 14
[51:12] 1 tc The plural suffix should probably be emended to the second masculine singular (which is used in v. 13). The final mem (ם) is probably dittographic; note the mem at the beginning of the next word.
[51:12] 2 tn Heb “Who are you that you are afraid of man who dies, and of the son of man who [as] grass is given up?” The feminine singular forms should probably be emended to the masculine singular (see v. 13). They have probably been influenced by the construction אַתְּ־הִיא (’at-hi’) in vv. 9-10.
[51:13] 3 tn Heb “and that you forget.”
[51:13] 4 tn Or “the heavens” (also in v. 16). The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heavens” or “sky” depending on the context.
[51:13] 5 tn Heb “and that you tremble constantly all the day.”
[51:13] 6 tn The question anticipates the answer, “Ready to disappear!” See v. 14.
[51:14] 7 tn Heb “who is stooped over” (under a burden).
[51:14] 8 tn Heb “the pit” (so KJV); ASV, NAB “die and go down into the pit”; NASB, NIV “dungeon”; NCV “prison.”
[51:14] 9 tn Heb “he will not lack his bread.”
[51:16] 10 tn The addressee (second masculine singular, as in vv. 13, 15) in this verse is unclear. The exiles are addressed in the immediately preceding verses (note the critical tone of vv. 12-13 and the reference to the exiles in v. 14). However, it seems unlikely that they are addressed in v. 16, for the addressee appears to be commissioned to tell Zion, who here represents the restored exiles, “you are my people.” The addressee is distinct from the exiles. The language of v. 16a is reminiscent of 49:2 and 50:4, where the Lord’s special servant says he is God’s spokesman and effective instrument. Perhaps the Lord, having spoken to the exiles in vv. 1-15, now responds to this servant, who spoke just prior to this in 50:4-11.
[51:16] 11 tn Heb “I place my words in your mouth.”
[51:16] 12 tn Heb “with the shadow of my hand.”
[51:16] 13 tc The Hebrew text has לִנְטֹעַ (lintoa’, “to plant”). Several scholars prefer to emend this form to לִנְטֹת (lintot) from נָטָה (natah, “to stretch out”); see v. 13, as well as 40:22; 42:5; 44:24; 45:12; cf. NAB, NCV, NRSV. However, since the Qumran scroll 1QIsaa, LXX (and Aquila and Symmachus), and Vulgate support the MT reading, there is no need to emend the form. The interpretation is clear enough: Yahweh fixed the sky in its place.
[51:16] 14 tn The infinitives in v. 16b are most naturally understood as indicating the purpose of the divine actions described in v. 16a. The relationship of the third infinitive to the commission is clear enough – the Lord has made the addressee (his special servant?) his spokesman so that the latter might speak encouraging words to those in Zion. But how do the first two infinitives relate? The text seems to indicate that the Lord has commissioned the addressee so that the latter might create the universe! Perhaps creation imagery is employed metaphorically here to refer to the transformation that Jerusalem will experience (see 65:17-18).
