Isaiah 6:1-3

Context

Isaiah’s Commission

6:1 In the year of King Uzziah’s death,¹ I saw the sovereign master² seated on a high, elevated throne. The hem of his robe filled the temple. 6:2 Seraphs³ stood over him; each one had six wings. With two wings they covered their faces, with two they covered their feet,⁴ and they used the remaining two to fly. 6:3 They called out to one another, “Holy, holy, holy⁵ is the Lord who commands armies!⁶ His majestic splendor fills the entire earth!”

[6:1] ¹sn That is, approximately 740 b.c.

[6:1] ²tn The Hebrew term translated “sovereign master” here and in vv. 8, 11 is אֲדֹנָי (’adonay).

[6:2] ³tn Hebrew שָׂרָף (saraf, “seraph”) literally means “burning one,” perhaps suggesting that these creatures had a fiery appearance (cf. TEV, CEV “flaming creatures”; NCV “heavenly creatures of fire”). Elsewhere in the OT the word “seraph” refers to poisonous snakes (Num 21:6; Deut 8:15; Isa 14:29; 30:6). Perhaps they were called “burning ones” because of their appearance or the effect of their venomous bites, which would cause a victim to burn up with fever. It is possible that the seraphs seen by Isaiah were at least partially serpentine in appearance. Though it might seem strange for a snake-like creature to have wings, two of the texts where “seraphs” are snakes describe them as “flying” (Isa 14:29; 30:6), perhaps referring to their darting movements. See the note at 14:29.

[6:2] ⁴sn Some understand “feet” here as a euphemistic reference to the genitals.

[6:3] ⁵tn Some have seen a reference to the Trinity in the seraphs’ threefold declaration, “holy, holy, holy.” This proposal has no linguistic or contextual basis and should be dismissed as allegorical. Hebrew sometimes uses repetition for emphasis. (See IBHS 233-34 §12.5a; and GKC 431-32 §133.k.) By repeating the word “holy,” the seraphs emphasize the degree of the Lord’s holiness. For another example of threefold repetition for emphasis, see Ezek 21:27 (Heb. v. 32). (Perhaps Jer 22:29 provides another example.)

[6:3] ⁶tn Perhaps in this context, the title has a less militaristic connotation and pictures the Lord as the ruler of the heavenly assembly. See the note at 1:9.