Lamentations 1:5

ה (He)

1:5 Her foes subjugated her; ¹ 

her enemies are at ease. ² 

For the Lord afflicted her

because of her many acts of rebellion. ³ 

Her children went away

captive ⁴  before the enemy.

Deuteronomy 28:43-44

28:43 The foreigners ⁵  who reside among you will become higher and higher over you and you will become lower and lower. 28:44 They will lend to you but you will not lend to them; they will become the head and you will become the tail!

Psalms 38:16

38:16 I have prayed for deliverance, because otherwise they will gloat over me; ⁶ 

when my foot slips they will arrogantly taunt me. ⁷ 

Psalms 89:42

89:42 You have allowed his adversaries to be victorious, ⁸ 

and all his enemies to rejoice.

[1:5]  ¹ tn Heb “her foes became [her] head” (הָיוּ צָרֶיהָ לְרֹאשׁ, hayu tsareha lÿro’sh) or more idiomatically “have come out on top.” This is a Semitic idiom for domination or subjugation, with “head” as a metaphor for leader.

[1:5]  ² tn The nuance expressed in the LXX is that her enemies prosper (cf. KJV, NASB, NRSV, NLT).

[1:5]  ³ tn Heb “because of her many rebellions.” The plural פְּשָׁעֶיהָ (pÿsha’eha, “her rebellions”) is an example of the plural of repeated action or characteristic behavior (see IBHS 121 §7.4.2c). The 3rd person feminine singular suffix (“her”) probably functions as a subjective genitive: “her rebellions” = “she has rebelled.”

[1:5]  ⁴ tn The singular noun שְׁבִי (shÿvi) is a collective singular, meaning “captives, prisoners.” It functions as an adverbial accusative of state: “[they] went away as captives.”

[28:43]  ⁵ tn Heb “the foreigner.” This is a collective singular and has therefore been translated as plural; this includes the pronouns in the following verse, which are also singular in the Hebrew text.

[38:16]  ⁶ tn Heb “For I said, ‘Lest they rejoice over me.’” The psalmist recalls the motivating argument of his petition. He probably prefaced this statement with a prayer for deliverance (see Pss 7:1-2; 13:3-4; 28:1).

[38:16]  ⁷ tn Heb “they will magnify against me.” See Pss 35:26; 55:13.

[89:42]  ⁸ tn Heb “you have lifted up the right hand of his adversaries.” The idiom “the right hand is lifted up” refers to victorious military deeds (see Pss 89:13; 118:16).