Leviticus 26:15-46

26:15 if you reject my statutes and abhor my regulations so that you do not keep ¹  all my commandments and you break my covenant – 26:16 I for my part ²  will do this to you: I will inflict horror on you, consumption and fever, which diminish eyesight and drain away the vitality of life. ³  You will sow your seed in vain because ⁴  your enemies will eat it. ⁵  26:17 I will set my face against you. You will be struck down before your enemies, those who hate you will rule over you, and you will flee when there is no one pursuing you.

26:18 “‘If, in spite of all these things, ⁶  you do not obey me, I will discipline you seven times more on account of your sins. ⁷  26:19 I will break your strong pride and make your sky like iron and your land like bronze. 26:20 Your strength will be used up in vain, your land will not give its yield, and the trees of the land ⁸  will not produce their fruit.

26:21 “‘If you walk in hostility against me ⁹  and are not willing to obey me, I will increase your affliction ¹⁰  seven times according to your sins. 26:22 I will send the wild animals ¹¹  against you and they will bereave you of your children, ¹²  annihilate your cattle, and diminish your population ¹³  so that your roads will become deserted.

26:23 “‘If in spite of these things ¹⁴  you do not allow yourselves to be disciplined and you walk in hostility against me, ¹⁵  26:24 I myself will also walk in hostility against you and strike you ¹⁶  seven times on account of your sins. 26:25 I will bring on you an avenging sword, a covenant vengeance. ¹⁷  Although ¹⁸  you will gather together into your cities, I will send pestilence among you and you will be given into enemy hands. ¹⁹  26:26 When I break off your supply of bread, ²⁰  ten women will bake your bread in one oven; they will ration your bread by weight, ²¹  and you will eat and not be satisfied.

26:27 “‘If in spite of this ²²  you do not obey me but walk in hostility against me, ²³  26:28 I will walk in hostile rage against you ²⁴  and I myself will also discipline you seven times on account of your sins. 26:29 You will eat the flesh of your sons and the flesh of your daughters. ²⁵  26:30 I will destroy your high places and cut down your incense altars, ²⁶  and I will stack your dead bodies on top of the lifeless bodies of your idols. ²⁷  I will abhor you. ²⁸  26:31 I will lay your cities waste ²⁹  and make your sanctuaries desolate, and I will refuse to smell your soothing aromas. 26:32 I myself will make the land desolate and your enemies who live in it will be appalled. 26:33 I will scatter you among the nations and unsheathe the sword ³⁰  after you, so your land will become desolate and your cities will become a waste.

26:34 “‘Then the land will make up for ³¹  its Sabbaths all the days it lies desolate while you are in the land of your enemies; then the land will rest and make up its Sabbaths. 26:35 All the days of the desolation it will have the rest it did not have ³²  on your Sabbaths when you lived on it.

26:36 “‘As for ³³  the ones who remain among you, I will bring despair into their hearts in the lands of their enemies. The sound of a blowing leaf will pursue them, and they will flee as one who flees the sword and fall down even though there is no pursuer. 26:37 They will stumble over each other as those who flee before a sword, though ³⁴  there is no pursuer, and there will be no one to take a stand ³⁵  for you before your enemies. 26:38 You will perish among the nations; the land of your enemies will consume you.

Restoration through Confession and Repentance

26:39 “‘As for the ones who remain among you, they will rot away because of ³⁶  their iniquity in the lands of your enemies, and they will also rot away because of their ancestors’ ³⁷  iniquities which are with them. 26:40 However, when ³⁸  they confess their iniquity and their ancestors’ iniquity which they committed by trespassing against me, ³⁹  by which they also walked ⁴⁰  in hostility against me ⁴¹  26:41 (and I myself will walk in hostility against them and bring them into the land of their enemies), and ⁴²  then their uncircumcised hearts become humbled and they make up for ⁴³  their iniquity, 26:42 I will remember my covenant with Jacob and also my covenant with Isaac and also my covenant with Abraham, ⁴⁴  and I will remember the land. 26:43 The land will be abandoned by them ⁴⁵  in order that it may make up for ⁴⁶  its Sabbaths while it is made desolate ⁴⁷  without them, ⁴⁸  and they will make up for their iniquity because ⁴⁹  they have rejected my regulations and have abhorred ⁵⁰  my statutes. 26:44 In spite of this, however, when they are in the land of their enemies I will not reject them and abhor them to make a complete end of them, to break my covenant with them, for I am the Lord their God. 26:45 I will remember for them the covenant with their ancestors ⁵¹  whom I brought out from the land of Egypt in the sight of the nations to be their God. I am the Lord.’”

Summary Colophon

26:46 These are the statutes, regulations, and instructions which the Lord established ⁵²  between himself and the Israelites at Mount Sinai through ⁵³  Moses.

Deuteronomy 32:22

32:22 For a fire has been kindled by my anger,

and it burns to lowest Sheol; ⁵⁴ 

it consumes the earth and its produce,

and ignites the foundations of the mountains.

Psalms 79:5-6

79:5 How long will this go on, O Lord? ⁵⁵ 

Will you stay angry forever?

How long will your rage ⁵⁶  burn like fire?

79:6 Pour out your anger on the nations that do not acknowledge you, ⁵⁷ 

on the kingdoms that do not pray to you! ⁵⁸ 

Ezekiel 7:8-9

7:8 Soon now I will pour out my rage ⁵⁹  on you; I will fully vent my anger against you. I will judge you according to your behavior. I will hold you accountable for all your abominable practices. 7:9 My eye will not pity you; I will not spare ⁶⁰  you. For your behavior I will hold you accountable, ⁶¹  and you will suffer the consequences of your abominable practices. Then you will know that it is I, the Lord, who is striking you. ⁶² 

Ezekiel 20:34

20:34 I will bring you out from the nations, and will gather you from the lands where you are scattered, with a powerful hand and an outstretched arm and with an outpouring of rage!

Ezekiel 22:21-22

22:21 I will gather you and blow on you with the fire of my fury, and you will be melted in it. 22:22 As silver is melted in a furnace, so you will be melted in it, and you will know that I, the Lord, have poured out my anger on you.’”

Nahum 1:6

1:6 No one can withstand ⁶³  his indignation! ⁶⁴ 

No one can resist ⁶⁵  his fierce anger! ⁶⁶ 

His wrath is poured out like volcanic fire,

boulders are broken up ⁶⁷  as he approaches. ⁶⁸ 

Revelation 16:1-21

The Bowls of God’s Wrath

16:1 Then ⁶⁹  I heard a loud voice from the temple declaring to the seven angels: “Go and pour out on the earth the seven bowls containing God’s wrath.” ⁷⁰  16:2 So ⁷¹  the first angel ⁷²  went and poured out his bowl on the earth. Then ⁷³  ugly and painful sores ⁷⁴  appeared on the people ⁷⁵  who had the mark of the beast and who worshiped his image.

16:3 Next, ⁷⁶  the second angel ⁷⁷  poured out his bowl on the sea and it turned into blood, like that of a corpse, and every living creature that was in the sea died.

16:4 Then ⁷⁸  the third angel ⁷⁹  poured out his bowl on the rivers and the springs of water, and they turned into blood. 16:5 Now ⁸⁰  I heard the angel of the waters saying:

“You are just ⁸¹  – the one who is and who was,

the Holy One – because you have passed these judgments, ⁸² 

16:6 because they poured out the blood of your saints and prophets,

so ⁸³  you have given them blood to drink. They got what they deserved!” ⁸⁴ 

16:7 Then ⁸⁵  I heard the altar reply, ⁸⁶  “Yes, Lord God, the All-Powerful, ⁸⁷  your judgments are true and just!”

16:8 Then ⁸⁸  the fourth angel ⁸⁹  poured out his bowl on the sun, and it was permitted to scorch people ⁹⁰  with fire. 16:9 Thus ⁹¹  people ⁹²  were scorched by the terrible heat, ⁹³  yet ⁹⁴  they blasphemed the name of God, who has ruling authority ⁹⁵  over these plagues, and they would not repent and give him glory.

16:10 Then ⁹⁶  the fifth angel ⁹⁷  poured out his bowl on the throne of the beast so that ⁹⁸  darkness covered his kingdom, ⁹⁹  and people ¹⁰⁰  began to bite ¹⁰¹  their tongues because ¹⁰²  of their pain. 16:11 They blasphemed the God of heaven because of their sufferings ¹⁰³  and because of their sores, ¹⁰⁴  but nevertheless ¹⁰⁵  they still refused to repent ¹⁰⁶  of their deeds.

16:12 Then ¹⁰⁷  the sixth angel ¹⁰⁸  poured out his bowl on the great river Euphrates and dried up its water ¹⁰⁹  to prepare the way ¹¹⁰  for the kings from the east. ¹¹¹  16:13 Then ¹¹²  I saw three unclean spirits ¹¹³  that looked like frogs coming out of the mouth of the dragon, out of the mouth of the beast, and out of the mouth of the false prophet. 16:14 For they are the spirits of the demons performing signs who go out to the kings of the earth ¹¹⁴  to bring them together for the battle that will take place on the great day of God, the All-Powerful. ¹¹⁵ 

16:15 (Look! I will come like a thief!

Blessed is the one who stays alert and does not lose ¹¹⁶  his clothes so that he will not have to walk around naked and his shameful condition ¹¹⁷  be seen.) ¹¹⁸ 

16:16 Now ¹¹⁹  the spirits ¹²⁰  gathered the kings and their armies ¹²¹  to the place that is called Armageddon ¹²²  in Hebrew.

16:17 Finally ¹²³  the seventh angel ¹²⁴  poured out his bowl into the air and a loud voice came out of the temple from the throne, saying: “It is done!” 16:18 Then ¹²⁵  there were flashes of lightning, roaring, ¹²⁶  and crashes of thunder, and there was a tremendous earthquake – an earthquake unequaled since humanity ¹²⁷  has been on the earth, so tremendous was that earthquake. 16:19 The ¹²⁸  great city was split into three parts and the cities of the nations ¹²⁹  collapsed. ¹³⁰  So ¹³¹  Babylon the great was remembered before God, and was given the cup ¹³²  filled with the wine made of God’s furious wrath. ¹³³  16:20 Every ¹³⁴  island fled away ¹³⁵  and no mountains could be found. ¹³⁶  16:21 And gigantic hailstones, weighing about a hundred pounds ¹³⁷  each, fell from heaven ¹³⁸  on people, ¹³⁹  but they ¹⁴⁰  blasphemed God because of the plague of hail, since it ¹⁴¹  was so horrendous. ¹⁴² 

[26:15]  ¹ tn Heb “to not do.”

[26:16]  ² tn Or “I also” (see HALOT 76 s.v. אַף 6.b).

[26:16]  ³ tn Heb “soul.” These expressions may refer either to the physical effects of consumption and fever as the rendering in the text suggests (e.g., J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 452, 454, “diminishing eyesight and loss of appetite”), or perhaps the more psychological effects, “which exhausts the eyes” because of anxious hope “and causes depression” (Heb “causes soul [נֶפֶשׁ, nefesh] to pine away”), e.g., B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 185.

[26:16]  ⁴ tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have causal force here.

[26:16]  ⁵ tn That is, “your enemies will eat” the produce that grows from the sown seed.

[26:18]  ³ tn Heb “And if until these.”

[26:18]  ⁴ tn Heb “I will add to discipline you seven [times] on your sins.”

[26:20]  ⁴ tn Heb “the tree of the land will not give its fruit.” The collective singular has been translated as a plural. Tg. Onq., some medieval Hebrew mss, Smr, LXX, and Tg. Ps.-J. have “the field” as in v. 4, rather than “the land.”

[26:21]  ⁵ tn Heb “hostile with me,” but see the added preposition בְּ (bet) on the phrase “in hostility” in v. 24 and 27.

[26:21]  ⁶ tn Heb “your blow, stroke”; cf. TEV “punishment”; NLT “I will inflict you with seven more disasters.”

[26:22]  ⁶ tn Heb “the animal of the field.” This collective singular has been translated as a plural. The expression “animal of the field” refers to a wild (i.e., nondomesticated) animal.

[26:22]  ⁷ tn The words “of your children” are not in the Hebrew text, but are implied.

[26:22]  ⁸ tn Heb “and diminish you.”

[26:23]  ⁷ tn Heb “And if in these.”

[26:23]  ⁸ tn Heb “with me,” but see the added preposition בְּ (bet) on the phrase “in hostility” in vv. 24 and 27.

[26:24]  ⁸ tn Heb “and I myself will also strike you.”

[26:25]  ⁹ tn Heb “vengeance of covenant”; cf. NAB “the avenger of my covenant.”

[26:25]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) has a concessive force in this context.

[26:25]  ¹¹ tn Heb “in hand of enemy,” but Tg. Ps.-J. and Tg. Neof. have “in the hands of your enemies” (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 454).

[26:26]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “When I break to you staff of bread” (KJV, ASV, and NASB all similar).

[26:26]  ¹¹ tn Heb “they will return your bread in weight.”

[26:27]  ¹¹ tn Heb “And if in this.”

[26:27]  ¹² tn Heb “with me.”

[26:28]  ¹² tn Heb “in rage of hostility with you”; NASB “with wrathful hostility”; NRSV “I will continue hostile to you in fury”; CEV “I’ll get really furious.”

[26:29]  ¹³ tn Heb “and the flesh of your daughters you will eat.” The phrase “you will eat” has not been repeated in the translation for stylistic reasons.

[26:30]  ¹⁴ sn Regarding these cultic installations, see the remarks in B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 188, and R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 2:903. The term rendered “incense altars” might better be rendered “sanctuaries [of foreign deities]” or “stelae.”

[26:30]  ¹⁵ tn The translation reflects the Hebrew wordplay “your corpses…the corpses of your idols.” Since idols, being lifeless, do not really have “corpses,” the translation uses “dead bodies” for people and “lifeless bodies” for the idols.

[26:30]  ¹⁶ tn Heb “and my soul will abhor you.”

[26:31]  ¹⁵ tn Heb “And I will give your cities a waste”; NLT “make your cities desolate.”

[26:33]  ¹⁶ tn Heb “and I will empty sword” (see HALOT 1228 s.v. ריק 3).

[26:34]  ¹⁷ tn There are two Hebrew roots רָצָה (ratsah), one meaning “to be pleased with; to take pleasure” (HALOT 1280-81 s.v. רצה; cf. “enjoy” in NASB, NIV, NRSV, and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 452), and the other meaning “to restore” (HALOT 1281-82 s.v. II רצה; cf. NAB “retrieve” and B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 189).

[26:35]  ¹⁸ tn Heb “it shall rest which it did not rest.”

[26:36]  ¹⁹ tn Heb “And.”

[26:37]  ²⁰ tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) is used in a concessive sense here.

[26:37]  ²¹ tn The term rendered “to stand up” is a noun, not an infinitive. It occurs only here and appears to designate someone who would take a powerful stand for them against their enemies.

[26:39]  ²¹ tn Heb “in” (so KJV, ASV; also later in this verse).

[26:39]  ²² tn Heb “fathers’” (also in the following verse).

[26:40]  ²² tn Heb “And.” Many English versions take this to be a conditional clause (“if…”) though there is no conditional particle (see, e.g., NASB, NIV, NRSV; but see the very different rendering in B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 190). The temporal translation offered here (“when”) takes into account the particle אָז (’az, “then”), which occurs twice in v. 41. The obvious contextual contrast between vv. 39 and 40 is expressed by “however” in the translation.

[26:40]  ²³ tn Heb “in their trespassing which they trespassed in me.” See the note on Lev 5:15, although the term is used in a more technical sense there in relation to the “guilt offering.”

[26:40]  ²⁴ tn Heb “and also which they walked.”

[26:40]  ²⁵ tn Heb “with me.”

[26:41]  ²³ tn Heb “or then,” although the LXX has “then” and the Syriac “and then.”

[26:41]  ²⁴ tn Heb “and then they make up for.” On the verb “make up for” see the note on v. 34 above.

[26:42]  ²⁴ tn Heb “my covenant with Abraham I will remember.” The phrase “I will remember” has not been repeated in the translation for stylistic reasons.

[26:43]  ²⁵ tn Heb “from them.” The preposition “from” refers here to the agent of the action (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 455).

[26:43]  ²⁶ tn The jussive form of the verb with the simple vav (ו) here calls for a translation that expresses purpose.

[26:43]  ²⁷ tn The verb is the Hophal infinitive construct with the third feminine singular suffix (GKC 182 §67.y; cf. v. 34).

[26:43]  ²⁸ tn Heb “from them.”

[26:43]  ²⁹ tn Heb “because and in because,” a double expression, which is used only here and in Ezek 13:10 (without the vav) for emphasis (GKC 492 §158.b).

[26:43]  ³⁰ tn Heb “and their soul has abhorred.”

[26:45]  ²⁶ tn Heb “covenant of former ones.”

[26:46]  ²⁷ tn Heb “gave” (so NLT); KJV, ASV, NCV “made.”

[26:46]  ²⁸ tn Heb “by the hand of” (so KJV).

[32:22]  ²⁸ tn Or “to the lowest depths of the earth”; cf. NAB “to the depths of the nether world”; NIV “to the realm of death below”; NLT “to the depths of the grave.”

[79:5]  ²⁹ tn Heb “How long, O Lord?”

[79:5]  ³⁰ tn Or “jealous anger.”

[79:6]  ³⁰ tn Heb “which do not know you.” Here the Hebrew term “know” means “acknowledge the authority of.”

[79:6]  ³¹ sn The kingdoms that do not pray to you. The people of these kingdoms pray to other gods, not the Lord, because they do not recognize his authority over them.

[7:8]  ³¹ tn The expression “to pour out rage” also occurs in Ezek 9:8; 14:19; 20:8, 13, 21; 22:31; 30:15; 36:18.

[7:9]  ³² tn The meaning of the Hebrew term is primarily emotional: “to pity,” which in context implies an action, as in being moved by pity in order to spare them from the horror of their punishment.

[7:9]  ³³ tn Heb “According to your behavior I will place on you.”

[7:9]  ³⁴ tn The MT lacks “you.” It has been added for clarification.

[1:6]  ³³ tn Heb “stand before” (so KJV, NASB, NRSV, NLT). The Hebrew verb עָמַד (’amad, “stand”) here denotes “to resist, withstand.” It is used elsewhere of warriors taking a stand in battle to hold their ground against enemies (Judg 2:14; Josh 10:8; 21:44; 23:9; 2 Kgs 10:4; Dan 11:16; Amos 2:15). It is also used of people trying to protect their lives from enemy attack (Esth 8:11; 9:16). Like a mighty warrior, the Lord will attack his enemies, but none will be able to make a stand against him; none will be able to hold their ground against him; and none will be able to protect themselves from his onslaught (Pss 76:7[8]; 147:17; Mal 3:2).

[1:6]  ³⁴ tn Heb “Who can stand before his indignation?” The rhetorical question expects a negative answer; it is translated here as an emphatic denial. The Hebrew noun זַעַם (za’am, “indignation, curse”) connotes the angry wrath or indignant curse of God (Isa 10:5, 25; 13:5; 26:20; 30:27; Jer 10:10; 15:17; 50:25; Ezek 21:36; 22:24, 31; Hab 3:12; Zeph 3:8; Pss 38:4; 69:25; 78:49; 102:11; Lam 2:6; Dan 8:19; 11:36). It depicts anger expressed in the form of punishment (HALOT 276 s.v.; TWOT 1:247).

[1:6]  ³⁵ tn Heb “Who can rise up against…?” The verb יָקוּם (yaqum, “arise”) is here a figurative expression connoting resistance. Although the adversative sense of בְּ (bet) with יָקוּם (yaqum, “against him”) is attested, denoting hostile action taken against one’s enemy (Mic 7:6; Ps 27:12), the locative sense (“before him”) is preferred due to the parallelism with לִפְנֵי (lifney, “before him”).

[1:6]  ³⁶ tn Heb “Who can rise up against the heat of his anger?” The rhetorical question expects a negative answer which is translated as an emphatic denial to clarify the point.

[1:6]  ³⁷ tn Or “burst into flames.” The Niphal perfect נִתְּצוּ (nittÿtsu) from נָתַץ (natats, “to break up, throw down”) may denote “are broken up” or “are thrown down.” The BHS editors suggest emending the MT’s נִתְּצוּ (nittÿtsu) to נִצְּתּוּ (nitsÿtu, Niphal perfect from יָצַת [yatsat, “to burn, to kindle, to burst into flames”]): “boulders burst into flames.” This merely involves the simple transposition of the second and third consonants. This emendation is supported by a few Hebrew mss (cited in BHS apparatus). It is supported contextually by fire and heat motifs in 1:5-6. The same metathesis of נִתְּצוּ and נִצְּתּוּ occurs in Jer 4:26.

[1:6]  ³⁸ tn Heb “before him” (so NAB, NIV, TEV).

[16:1]  ³⁴ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence within the narrative.

[16:1]  ³⁵ tn Or “anger.” Here τοῦ θυμοῦ (tou qumou) has been translated as a genitive of content.

[16:2]  ³⁵ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the directions given by the voice from the temple.

[16:2]  ³⁶ tn Grk “the first”; the referent (the first angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[16:2]  ³⁷ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

[16:2]  ³⁸ tn Or “ulcerated sores”; the term in the Greek text is singular but is probably best understood as a collective singular.

[16:2]  ³⁹ tn Grk ‘the men,” but this is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") and refers to both men and women.

[16:3]  ³⁶ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “next” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

[16:3]  ³⁷ tn Grk “the second”; the referent (the second angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[16:4]  ³⁷ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

[16:4]  ³⁸ tn Grk “the third”; the referent (the third angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[16:5]  ³⁸ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the somewhat parenthetical nature of the remarks that follow.

[16:5]  ³⁹ tn Or “righteous,” although the context favors justice as the theme.

[16:5]  ⁴⁰ tn Or “because you have judged these things.” The pronoun ταῦτα (tauta) is neuter gender.

[16:6]  ³⁹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate that this judgment is the result of what these wicked people did to the saints and prophets.

[16:6]  ⁴⁰ tn Grk “They are worthy”; i.e., of this kind of punishment. By extension, “they got what they deserve.”

[16:7]  ⁴⁰ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

[16:7]  ⁴¹ tn Grk “the altar saying.”

[16:7]  ⁴² tn On this word BDAG 755 s.v. παντοκράτωρ states, “the Almighty, All-Powerful, Omnipotent (One) only of God…(ὁ) κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ π. …Rv 1:8; 4:8; 11:17; 15:3; 16:7; 21:22.”

[16:8]  ⁴¹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

[16:8]  ⁴² tn Grk “the fourth”; the referent (the fourth angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[16:8]  ⁴³ tn Grk “men,” but this is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") and refers to both men and women.

[16:9]  ⁴² tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “thus” to indicate the implied result of the bowl poured on the sun.

[16:9]  ⁴³ tn Grk “men,” but this is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") and refers to both men and women.

[16:9]  ⁴⁴ tn On this phrase BDAG 536 s.v. καῦμα states, “burning, heat Rv 7:16…καυματίζεσθαι κ. μέγα be burned with a scorching heat 16:9.”

[16:9]  ⁴⁵ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “yet” to indicate the contrast present in this context.

[16:9]  ⁴⁶ tn For the translation “ruling authority” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.

[16:10]  ⁴³ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

[16:10]  ⁴⁴ tn Grk “the fifth”; the referent (the fifth angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[16:10]  ⁴⁵ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so that” to indicate the implied result of the fifth bowl being poured out.

[16:10]  ⁴⁶ tn Grk “his kingdom became dark.”

[16:10]  ⁴⁷ tn Grk “men,” but this is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") and refers to both men and women.

[16:10]  ⁴⁸ tn On this term BDAG 620 s.v. μασάομαι states, “bite w. acc. τὰς γλώσσας bite their tongues Rv 16:10.”

[16:10]  ⁴⁹ tn The preposition ἐκ (ek) has been translated here and twice in the following verse with a causal sense.

[16:11]  ⁴⁴ tn Grk “pains” (the same term in Greek [πόνος, ponos] as the last word in v. 11, here translated “sufferings” because it is plural). BDAG 852 s.v. 2 states, “ἐκ τοῦ π. in pain…Rv 16:10; pl. (Gen 41:51; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 146; Test. Jud. 18:4) ἐκ τῶν π. …because of their sufferings vs. 11.”

[16:11]  ⁴⁵ tn Or “ulcerated sores” (see 16:2).

[16:11]  ⁴⁶ tn Grk “and they did not repent.” Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but nevertheless” to express the contrast here.

[16:11]  ⁴⁷ tn Grk “they did not repent” The addition of “still refused” reflects the hardness of people’s hearts in the context.

[16:12]  ⁴⁵ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

[16:12]  ⁴⁶ tn Grk “the sixth”; the referent (the sixth angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[16:12]  ⁴⁷ tn Grk “and its water was dried up.” Here the passive construction has been translated as an active one.

[16:12]  ⁴⁸ tn Grk “in order that the way might be prepared.” Here the passive construction has been translated as an active one.

[16:12]  ⁴⁹ tn Grk “from the rising of the sun.” BDAG 74 s.v. ἀνατολή 2.a takes this as a geographical direction: “ἀπὸ ἀ. ἡλίου…from the east Rv 7:2; 16:12; simply ἀπὸ ἀ. …21:13.”

[16:13]  ⁴⁶ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

[16:13]  ⁴⁷ sn According to the next verse, these three unclean spirits are spirits of demons.

[16:14]  ⁴⁷ tn BDAG 699 s.v. οἰκουμένη 1 states, “the inhabited earth, the world…ὅλη ἡ οἰκ. the whole inhabited earth…Mt 24:14; Ac 11:28; Rv 3:10; 16:14.”

[16:14]  ⁴⁸ tn On this word BDAG 755 s.v. παντοκράτωρ states, “the Almighty, All-Powerful, Omnipotent (One) only of God…(ὁ) κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ π. …Rv 1:8; 4:8; 11:17; 15:3; 16:7; 21:22.”

[16:15]  ⁴⁸ tn Grk “and keeps.” BDAG 1002 s.v. τηρέω 2.c states “of holding on to someth. so as not to give it up or lose it…τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ Rv 16:15 (or else he will have to go naked).”

[16:15]  ⁴⁹ tn On the translation of ἀσχημοσύνη (aschmosunh) as “shameful condition” see L&N 25.202. The indefinite third person plural (“and they see”) has been translated as a passive here.

[16:15]  ⁵⁰ sn These lines are parenthetical, forming an aside to the narrative. The speaker here is the Lord Jesus Christ himself rather than the narrator. Many interpreters have seen this verse as so abrupt that it could not be an original part of the work, but the author has used such asides before (1:7; 14:13) and the suddenness here (on the eve of Armageddon) is completely parallel to Jesus’ warning in Mark 13:15-16 and parallels.

[16:16]  ⁴⁹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the resumption and conclusion of the remarks about the pouring out of the sixth bowl.

[16:16]  ⁵⁰ tn Grk “they”; the referent (the demonic spirits, v. 14) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[16:16]  ⁵¹ tn Grk “gathered them”; the referent (the kings and [implied] their armies, v. 14) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[16:16]  ⁵² tc There are many variations in the spelling of this name among the Greek mss, although ῾Αρμαγεδών (&armagedwn) has the best support. The usual English spelling is Armageddon, used in the translation.

[16:17]  ⁵⁰ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “finally” to indicate the conclusion of the seven bowl judgments.

[16:17]  ⁵¹ tn Grk “the seventh”; the referent (the seventh angel) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[16:18]  ⁵¹ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the vision.

[16:18]  ⁵² tn Or “sounds,” “voices.” It is not entirely clear what this refers to. BDAG 1071 s.v. φωνή 1 states, “In Rv we have ἀστραπαὶ καὶ φωναὶ καὶ βρονταί (cp. Ex 19:16) 4:5; 8:5; 11:19; 16:18 (are certain other sounds in nature thought of here in addition to thunder, as e.g. the roar of the storm?…).”

[16:18]  ⁵³ tn The singular ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") is used generically here to refer to the human race.

[16:19]  ⁵² tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[16:19]  ⁵³ tn Or “of the Gentiles” (the same Greek word may be translated “Gentiles” or “nations”).

[16:19]  ⁵⁴ tn Grk “fell.”

[16:19]  ⁵⁵ tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of Babylon’s misdeeds (see Rev 14:8).

[16:19]  ⁵⁶ tn Grk “the cup of the wine of the anger of the wrath of him.” The concatenation of four genitives has been rendered somewhat differently by various translations (see the note on the word “wrath”).

[16:19]  ⁵⁷ tn Following BDAG 461 s.v. θυμός 2, the combination of the genitives of θυμός (qumo") and ὀργή (orgh) in Rev 16:19 and 19:15 are taken to be a strengthening of the thought as in the OT and Qumran literature (Exod 32:12; Jer 32:37; Lam 2:3; CD 10:9). Thus in Rev 14:8 (to which the present passage alludes) and 18:3 there is irony: The wine of immoral behavior with which Babylon makes the nations drunk becomes the wine of God’s wrath for her.

[16:20]  ⁵³ tn Grk “And every.” Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[16:20]  ⁵⁴ tn Or “vanished.”

[16:20]  ⁵⁵ sn Every island fled away and no mountains could be found. Major geographical and topographical changes will accompany the Day of the Lord.

[16:21]  ⁵⁴ tn Here BDAG 988 s.v. ταλαντιαῖος states, “weighing a talent…χάλαζα μεγάλη ὡς ταλαντιαία a severe hailstorm with hailstones weighing a talent (the talent=125 librae, or Roman pounds of c. 343 gr. or 12 ounces each) (weighing about a hundred pounds NRSV) Rv 16:21.” This means each hailstone would weigh just under 100 pounds or 40 kilograms.

[16:21]  ⁵⁵ tn Or “the sky.” Due to the apocalyptic nature of this book, it is probably best to leave the translation as “from heaven,” since God is ultimately the source of the judgment.

[16:21]  ⁵⁶ tn Grk “on men,” but ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") is used here in a generic sense to refer to people in general (the hailstones did not single out adult males, but would have also fallen on women and children).

[16:21]  ⁵⁷ tn Grk “the men”; for stylistic reasons the pronoun “they” is used here.

[16:21]  ⁵⁸ tn Grk “the plague of it.”

[16:21]  ⁵⁹ tn Grk “since the plague of it was exceedingly great.”