Leviticus 1:10

Animal from the Flock

1:10 “‘If his offering is from the flock for a burnt offering ¹  – from the sheep or the goats – he must present a flawless male,

Leviticus 1:14

From the Birds

1:14 “‘If his offering to the Lord is a burnt offering from the birds, ²  he must present his offering from the turtledoves or from the young pigeons. ³ 

Leviticus 4:23

4:23 or his sin that he committed ⁴  is made known to him, ⁵  he must bring a flawless male goat as his offering. ⁶ 

Leviticus 4:28

4:28 or his sin that he committed ⁷  is made known to him, ⁸  he must bring a flawless female goat ⁹  as his offering for the sin ¹⁰  that he committed.

Leviticus 5:3

5:3 or when he touches human uncleanness with regard to anything by which he can become unclean, ¹¹  even if he did not realize it, but he himself has later come to know it and is guilty;

Leviticus 6:3

6:3 or has found something lost and denies it and swears falsely ¹²  concerning any one of the things that someone might do to sin ¹³  –

Leviticus 7:16

7:16 “‘If his offering is a votive or freewill sacrifice, ¹⁴  it may be eaten on the day he presents his sacrifice, and also the leftovers from it may be eaten on the next day, ¹⁵ 

Leviticus 12:7

12:7 The priest ¹⁶  is to present it before the Lord and make atonement ¹⁷  on her behalf, and she will be clean ¹⁸  from her flow of blood. ¹⁹  This is the law of the one who bears a child, for the male or the female child.

Leviticus 13:43

13:43 The priest is to examine it, ²⁰  and if ²¹  the swelling of the infection is reddish white in the back or front bald area like the appearance of a disease on the skin of the body, ²² 

Leviticus 14:22

14:22 and two turtledoves or two young pigeons, ²³  which are within his means. ²⁴  One will be a sin offering and the other a burnt offering. ²⁵ 

Leviticus 14:37

14:37 He is to examine the infection, and if ²⁶  the infection in the walls of the house consists of yellowish green or reddish eruptions, ²⁷  and it appears to be deeper than the surface of the wall, ²⁸ 

Leviticus 15:3

15:3 Now this is his uncleanness in regard to his discharge ²⁹  – whether his body secretes his discharge or blocks his discharge, he is unclean. All the days that his body has a discharge or his body blocks his discharge, ³⁰  this is his uncleanness. ³¹ 

Leviticus 15:23

15:23 If there is something on the bed or on the furniture she sits on, ³²  when he touches it ³³  he will be unclean until evening,

Leviticus 15:29

15:29 Then on the eighth day she must take for herself two turtledoves or two young pigeons ³⁴  and she must bring them to the priest at the entrance of the Meeting Tent,

Leviticus 17:8

17:8 “You are to say to them: ‘Any man ³⁵  from the house of Israel or ³⁶  from the foreigners who reside ³⁷  in their ³⁸  midst, who offers ³⁹  a burnt offering or a sacrifice

Leviticus 25:14

25:14 If you make a sale ⁴⁰  to your fellow citizen ⁴¹  or buy ⁴²  from your fellow citizen, no one is to wrong his brother. ⁴³ 

Leviticus 25:47

25:47 “‘If a resident foreigner who is with you prospers ⁴⁴  and your brother becomes impoverished with regard to him so that ⁴⁵  he sells himself to a resident foreigner who is with you or to a member ⁴⁶  of a foreigner’s family,

Leviticus 26:41

26:41 (and I myself will walk in hostility against them and bring them into the land of their enemies), and ⁴⁷  then their uncircumcised hearts become humbled and they make up for ⁴⁸  their iniquity,

[1:10]  ¹ tn Heb “And if from the flock is his offering, from the sheep or from the goats, for a burnt offering.” Here “flock” specifies the broad category, with “sheep or goats” giving specific examples.

[1:14]  ² tn Heb “from the [category] ‘bird.’”

[1:14]  ³ tn Heb “from the sons of the pigeon,” referring either to “young pigeons” (cf. KJV, NASB, NIV, NLT) or “various species of pigeon” (contrast J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:168, with J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 14).

[4:23]  ³ tn Heb “or his sin which he sinned in it is made known to him”; NAB “if he learns of the sin he committed.”

[4:23]  ⁴ tn Lev 4:22b-23a is difficult. The present translation suggests that there are two possible legal situations envisioned, separated by the Hebrew אוֹ (’o, “or”) at the beginning of v. 23. Lev 4:22b refers to any case in which the leader readily admits his guilt (i.e., “pleads guilty”), whereas v. 23a refers to cases where the leader is convicted of his guilt by legal action (“his sin…is made known to him”). See R. E. Averbeck, NIDOTTE 2:95-96; Lev 4:27-28; and esp. the notes on Lev 5:1 below.

[4:23]  ⁵ tn Heb “a he-goat of goats, a male without defect”; cf. NLT “with no physical defects.”

[4:28]  ⁴ tn Heb “or his sin which he sinned is made known to him”; cf. NCV “when that person learns about his sin.”

[4:28]  ⁵ tn Lev 4:27b-28a is essentially the same as 4:22b-23a (see the notes there).

[4:28]  ⁶ tn Heb “a she-goat of goats, a female without defect”; NAB “an unblemished she-goat.”

[4:28]  ⁷ tn Heb “on his sin.”

[5:3]  ⁵ tn Heb “or if he touches uncleanness of mankind to any of his uncleanness which he becomes unclean in it.”

[6:3]  ⁶ tn Heb “and swears on falsehood”; cf. CEV “deny something while under oath.”

[6:3]  ⁷ tn Heb “on one from all which the man shall do to sin in them.”

[7:16]  ⁷ tn For the distinction between votive and freewill offerings see the note on Lev 22:23 and the literature cited there.

[7:16]  ⁸ tn Heb “and on the next day and the left over from it shall be eaten.”

[12:7]  ⁸ tn Heb “and he” (i.e., the priest mentioned at the end of v. 6). The referent has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[12:7]  ⁹ sn See the note on Lev 1:4 “make atonement.” The purpose of sin offering “atonement,” in particular, was to purge impurities from the tabernacle (see Lev 15:31 and 16:5-19, 29-34), whether they were caused by physical uncleannesses or by sins and iniquities. In this case, the woman has not “sinned” morally by having a child. Even Mary brought such offerings for giving birth to Jesus (Luke 2:22-24), though she certainly did not “sin” in giving birth to him. Note that the result of bringing this “sin offering” was “she will be clean,” not “she will be forgiven” (cf. Lev 4:20, 26, 31, 35; 5:10, 13). The impurity of the blood flow has caused the need for this “sin offering,” not some moral or relational infringement of the law (contrast Lev 4:2, “When a person sins by straying unintentionally from any of the commandments of the Lord”).

[12:7]  ¹⁰ tn Or “she will be[come] pure.”

[12:7]  ¹¹ tn Heb “from her source [i.e., spring] of blood,” possibly referring to the female genital area, not just the “flow of blood” itself (as suggested by J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:761). Cf. ASV “from the fountain of her blood.”

[13:43]  ⁹ tn Heb “and the priest shall see it” (cf. KJV). The MT has “him/it” which some take to refer to the person as a whole (i.e., “him”; see, e.g., J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:770; NIV, NRSV, etc.), while others take it as a reference to the “infection” (נֶגַע, nega’) in v. 42 (J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 172, 177). Smr has “her/it,” which would probably refer to “disease” (צָרַעַת, tsara’at) in v. 42. The general pattern in the chapter suggests that “it,” either the infection or the disease, is the object of the examination (see, e.g., v. 3 above and v. 50 below).

[13:43]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “and behold.”

[13:43]  ¹¹ tn Heb “like appearance of disease of skin of flesh.”

[14:22]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “from the sons of the pigeon,” referring either to “young pigeons” or “various species of pigeon” (contrast J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:168 with J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 14; cf. Lev 1:14 and esp. 5:7-10).

[14:22]  ¹¹ tn Heb “which his hand reaches”; NRSV “such as (which NIV) he can afford.”

[14:22]  ¹² tn Heb “and one shall be a sin offering and the one a burnt offering.” The versions struggle with whether or not “one” should or should not have the definite article in its two occurrences in this verse (KJV, ASV, NAB, NASB all have the English definite article with both). The MT has the first without and the second with the article.

[14:37]  ¹¹ tn Heb “and behold” (so KJV, ASV).

[14:37]  ¹² tn For “yellowish green and reddish” see Lev 13:49. The Hebrew term translated “eruptions” occurs only here and its meaning is uncertain. For a detailed summary of the issues and views see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:870. The suggestions include, among others: (1) “depressions” from Hebrew שׁקע (“sink”) or קער as the root of the Hebrew term for “bowl” (LXX, Targums, NAB, NASB, NIV; see also B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 90), (2) “streaks” (ASV, NJPS), (3) and “eruptions” as a loan-word from Egyptian sqr r rwtj (“eruption; rash”); cf. Milgrom, 870; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 198-99. The latter view is taken here.

[14:37]  ¹³ tn The Hebrew term קִיר (qir,“wall”) refers to the surface of the wall in this case, which normally consisted of a coating of plaster made of limestone and sand (see HALOT 1099 s.v. קִיר 1.a; J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:871; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 199).

[15:3]  ¹² tn The LXX has “this the law of his uncleanness…” (cf. v. 32 and compare, e.g., 13:59; 14:2, 56).

[15:3]  ¹³ tc Smr, LXX, and the Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll from Qumran (11QpaleoLev; Fragment G contains Lev 14:52-15:5 and 16:2-4, and agrees with the LXX of Lev 15:3b) are in essential (although not complete) agreement against the MT in Lev 15:3b and are to be preferred in this case. The shorter MT text has probably arisen due to a lengthy haplography. See K. A. Mathews, “The Leviticus Scroll (11QpaleoLev) and the Text of the Hebrew Bible,” CBQ 48 (1986): 177-78, 198; D. N. Freedman, “Variant Readings in the Leviticus Scroll from Qumran Cave 11,” CBQ 36 (1974): 528-29; D. N. Freedman and K. A. Mathews, The Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll, 32. The MT of Lev 15:3 reads: “Now this is his uncleanness in [regard to] his discharge – whether his body secretes his discharge or blocks his discharge, this is his uncleanness.” Smr adds after MT’s “blocks his discharge” the following: “he is unclean; all the days that his body has a discharge or his body blocks his discharge, this is his uncleanness.” Thus, the MT appears to skip from Smr טמא הוא “he is unclean” in the middle of the verse to יא/טמאתו הו “this is his uncleanness” at the end of the verse, leaving out “he is unclean; all the days that his body has a discharge or his body blocks his discharge” (cf. the BHS footnote). 11Q1 (paleoLev^a frag. G) is indeed fragmentary, but it does have ימי ז בו כל “…in him, all the days of the fl[ow],” supporting Smr and LXX tradition. The LXX adds after MT “blocks his discharge” the following: “all the days of the flow of his body, by which his body is affected by the flow,” followed by “it is his uncleanness” (i.e., the last two words of the MT).

[15:3]  ¹⁴ tn Heb “it is his uncleanness,” but the last clause recapitulates the effect of the first clause in this verse, both of which introduce the regulations for such uncleanness in the following verses. In other words, whether his discharge flows from his penis or is blocked in it, he is still unclean and must proceed according to the following regulations (vv. 4ff).

[15:23]  ¹³ tn Heb “and if on the bed it (הוּא, hu’) is or on the vessel which she sits on it, when he touches it….” The translation and meaning of this verse is a subject of much debate in the commentaries (see the summary in J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:938-40). It is difficult to determine what הוּא refers to, whether it means “he” referring to the one who does the touching, “it” for the furniture or the seat in v. 22, “she” referring to the woman herself (see Smr היא rather than הוא), or perhaps anything that was lying on the furniture or the bed of vv. 21-22. The latter view is taken here (cf. J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 202).

[15:23]  ¹⁴ tn The MT accent suggest that “when he touches it” goes with the preceding line, but it seems to be better to take it as an introduction to what follows (see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 202).

[15:29]  ¹⁴ tn Heb “from the sons of the pigeon,” referring either to “young pigeons” or “various species of pigeon” (contrast J. Milgrom, Leviticus [AB], 1:168 with J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 14; cf. Lev 1:14 and esp. 5:7-10).

[17:8]  ¹⁵ tn Heb “Man, man.” The repetition of the word “man” is distributive, meaning “any [or “every”] man” (GKC 395-96 §123.c; cf. Lev 15:2).

[17:8]  ¹⁶ tn Heb “and.” Here the Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) has an alternative sense (“or”).

[17:8]  ¹⁷ tn Heb “from the sojourner who sojourns.”

[17:8]  ¹⁸ tc The LXX, Syriac, and Vulgate have “your” (plural) rather than “their.”

[17:8]  ¹⁹ tn Heb “causes to go up.”

[25:14]  ¹⁶ tn Heb “sell a sale.”

[25:14]  ¹⁷ tn Or “to one of your countrymen” (NIV); NASB “to your friend.”

[25:14]  ¹⁸ tn The Hebrew infinitive absolute קָנֹה (qanoh, “buying”) substitutes for the finite verb here in sequence with the previous finite verb “sell” at the beginning of the verse (see GKC 345 §113.z).

[25:14]  ¹⁹ tn Heb “do not oppress a man his brother.” Here “brother” does not refer only to a sibling, but to a fellow Israelite.

[25:47]  ¹⁷ tn Heb “And if the hand of a foreigner and resident with you reaches” (cf. v. 26 for this idiom).

[25:47]  ¹⁸ tn Heb “and.” The Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) can be considered to have resultative force here.

[25:47]  ¹⁹ tn Heb “offshoot, descendant.”

[26:41]  ¹⁸ tn Heb “or then,” although the LXX has “then” and the Syriac “and then.”

[26:41]  ¹⁹ tn Heb “and then they make up for.” On the verb “make up for” see the note on v. 34 above.