Leviticus 19:1-18

Religious and Social Regulations

19:1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 19:2 “Speak to the whole congregation of the Israelites and tell them, ‘You must be holy because I, the Lord your God, am holy. 19:3 Each of you must respect his mother and his father, ¹  and you must keep my Sabbaths. I am the Lord your God. 19:4 Do not turn to idols, ²  and you must not make for yourselves gods of cast metal. I am the Lord your God.

Eating the Peace Offering

19:5 “‘When you sacrifice a peace offering sacrifice to the Lord, you must sacrifice it so that it is accepted for you. ³  19:6 It must be eaten on the day of your sacrifice and on the following day, ⁴  but what is left over until the third day must be burned up. ⁵  19:7 If, however, it is eaten ⁶  on the third day, it is spoiled, ⁷  it will not be accepted, 19:8 and the one who eats it will bear his punishment for iniquity ⁸  because he has profaned ⁹  what is holy to the Lord. ¹⁰  That person will be cut off from his people. ¹¹ 

Leaving the Gleanings

19:9 “‘When you gather in the harvest ¹²  of your land, you must not completely harvest the corner of your field, ¹³  and you must not gather up the gleanings of your harvest. 19:10 You must not pick your vineyard bare, ¹⁴  and you must not gather up the fallen grapes of your vineyard. You must leave them for the poor and the foreigner. I am the Lord your God.

Dealing Honestly

19:11 “‘You must not steal, you must not tell lies, and you must not deal falsely with your fellow citizen. ¹⁵  19:12 You must not swear falsely ¹⁶  in my name, so that you do not profane ¹⁷  the name of your God. I am the Lord. 19:13 You must not oppress your neighbor or commit robbery against him. ¹⁸  You must not withhold ¹⁹  the wages of the hired laborer overnight until morning. 19:14 You must not curse a deaf person or put a stumbling block in front of a blind person. ²⁰  You must fear ²¹  your God; I am the Lord.

Justice, Love, and Propriety

19:15 “‘You ²²  must not deal unjustly in judgment: ²³  you must neither show partiality to the poor nor honor the rich. ²⁴  You must judge your fellow citizen fairly. ²⁵  19:16 You must not go about as a slanderer among your people. ²⁶  You must not stand idly by when your neighbor’s life is at stake. ²⁷  I am the Lord. 19:17 You must not hate your brother in your heart. You must surely reprove your fellow citizen so that you do not incur sin on account of him. ²⁸  19:18 You must not take vengeance or bear a grudge ²⁹  against the children of your people, but you must love your neighbor as yourself. ³⁰  I am the Lord.

[19:3]  ¹ tn Heb “A man his mother and his father you [plural] shall fear.” The LXX, Syriac, Vulgate, and certain Targum mss reverse the order, “his father and his mother.” The term “fear” is subject to misunderstanding by the modern reader, so “respect” has been used in the translation. Cf. NAB, NRSV “revere”; NASB “reverence.”

[19:4]  ² sn Regarding the difficult etymology and meaning of the term for “idols” (אֱלִילִים, ’elilim), see B. A. Levine, Leviticus (JPSTC), 126; J. E. Hartley, Leviticus (WBC), 304; N. H. Snaith, Leviticus and Numbers (NBC), 89; and Judith M. Hadley, NIDOTTE 1:411. It appears to be a diminutive play on words with אֵל (’el, “god; God”) and, perhaps at the same time, recalls a common Semitic word for “worthless; weak; powerless; nothingness.” Snaith suggests a rendering of “worthless godlings.”

[19:5]  ³ tn Heb “for your acceptance”; cf. NIV, NLT “it will be accepted on your behalf.”

[19:6]  ⁴ tn Heb “from the following day” (HALOT 572 s.v. מָחֳרָת 2.b).

[19:6]  ⁵ tn Heb “shall be burned with fire”; KJV “shall be burnt in the fire.” Because “to burn with fire” is redundant in contemporary English the present translation simply has “must be burned up.”

[19:7]  ⁶ tn Heb “And if being eaten [infinitive absolute] it is eaten [finite verb].” For the infinitive absolute used to highlight contrast rather than emphasis see GKC 343 §113.p.

[19:7]  ⁷ tn Or “desecrated,” or “defiled,” or “forbidden.” For this difficult term see J. Milgrom, Leviticus (AB), 1:422, on Lev 7:18.

[19:8]  ⁸ tn See the note on Lev 17:16 above.

[19:8]  ⁹ sn Regarding “profaned,” see the note on Lev 10:10 above.

[19:8]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “the holiness of the Lord.”

[19:8]  ¹¹ sn On the “cut off” penalty see the note on Lev 7:20.

[19:9]  ¹² tn Heb “And in your harvesting the harvest.”

[19:9]  ¹³ tn Heb “you shall not complete the corner of your field to harvest.”

[19:10]  ¹⁴ tn Heb “And you shall not deal severely with your vineyard.”

[19:11]  ¹⁵ tn Heb “you shall not deal falsely a man with his fellow citizen.”

[19:12]  ¹⁶ tn Heb “And you shall not swear to the falsehood.”

[19:12]  ¹⁷ tn Heb “and you shall not profane”; NAB “thus profaning.”

[19:13]  ¹⁸ tn Heb “You shall not oppress your neighbor and you shall not rob.”

[19:13]  ¹⁹ tn Heb “hold back with you”; perhaps “hold back for yourself” (cf. NRSV “keep for yourself”).

[19:14]  ²⁰ tn Heb “You shall not curse a deaf [person] and before a blind [person] you shall not put a stumbling block.”

[19:14]  ²¹ tn Heb “And you shall fear.” Many English versions (e.g., KJV, ASV, NAB, NASB, NIV) regard the Hebrew conjunction ו (vav, “and”) as adversative in force here (“but”).

[19:15]  ²² tc Smr has the singular rather than the plural “you” of the MT, which brings this verb form into line with the ones surrounding it.

[19:15]  ²³ tn Heb “You shall not do injustice in judgment” (NASB similar); cf. NIV “do not pervert justice.”

[19:15]  ²⁴ tn Heb “You shall not lift up faces of poor [people] and you shall not honor faces of great.”

[19:15]  ²⁵ tn Heb “In righteousness you shall judge your fellow citizen.”

[19:16]  ²⁶ tn The term רָכִיל (rakhil) is traditionally rendered “slanderer” here (so NASB, NIV, NRSV; see also J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 304, 316), but the exact meaning is uncertain (see the discussion in B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 129). It is sometimes related to I רָכַל (“to go about as a trader [or “merchant”]”; BDB 940 s.v. רָכַל), and taken to refer to cutthroat business dealings, but there may be a II רָכַל, the meaning of which is dubious (HALOT 1237 s.v. II *רכל). Some would render it “to go about as a spy.”

[19:16]  ²⁷ tn Heb “You shall not stand on the blood of your neighbor.” This part of the verse is also difficult to interpret. The rendering here suggests that one will not allow a neighbor to be victimized, whether in court (cf. v. 15) or in any other situation (see the discussion in B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 129).

[19:17]  ²⁸ tn Heb “and you will not lift up on him sin.” The meaning of the line is somewhat obscure. It means either (1) that one should rebuke one’s neighbor when he sins lest one also becomes guilty, which is the way it is rendered here (see NIV, NRSV, NEB, JB; see also B. A. Levine, Leviticus [JPSTC], 129-30, and J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 303, and the discussion on pp. 316-17), or (2) one may rebuke one’s neighbor without incurring sin just as long as he does not hate him in his heart (see the first part of the verse; cf. NASB, NAB).

[19:18]  ²⁹ tn Heb “and you shall not retain [anger?].” This line seems to refer to the retaining or maintaining of some vengeful feelings toward someone. Compare the combination of the same terms for taking vengeance and maintaining wrath against enemies in Nahum 1:2 (see J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 305).

[19:18]  ³⁰ sn Some scholars make a distinction between the verb אָהַב (’ahav, “to love”) with the direct object and the more unusual construction with the preposition לְ (lamed) as it is here and in Lev 19:34 and 2 Chr 19:2 only. If there is a distinction, the construction here probably calls for direct and helpful action toward one’s neighbor (see the discussion in J. E. Hartley, Leviticus [WBC], 305, and esp. 317-18). Such love stands in contrast to taking vengeance or bearing a grudge against someone and, in NT terms, amounts to fulfilling the so-called “golden rule” (Matt 7:12).