Luke 6:15

6:15 Matthew, Thomas, ¹  James the son of Alphaeus, Simon who was called the Zealot, ² 

John 11:16

11:16 So Thomas (called Didymus ³ ) ⁴  said to his fellow disciples, “Let us go too, so that we may die with him.” ⁵ 

John 20:24-29

The Response of Thomas

20:24 Now Thomas (called Didymus), ⁶  one of the twelve, was not with them when Jesus came. 20:25 The other disciples told him, “We have seen the Lord!” But he replied, ⁷  “Unless I see the wounds ⁸  from the nails in his hands, and put my finger into the wounds from the nails, and put my hand into his side, I will never believe it!” ⁹ 

20:26 Eight days later the disciples were again together in the house, ¹⁰  and Thomas was with them. Although the doors were locked, ¹¹  Jesus came and stood among them and said, “Peace be with you!” 20:27 Then he said to Thomas, “Put ¹²  your finger here, and examine ¹³  my hands. Extend ¹⁴  your hand and put it ¹⁵  into my side. Do not continue in your unbelief, but believe.” ¹⁶  20:28 Thomas replied to him, ¹⁷  “My Lord and my God!” ¹⁸  20:29 Jesus said to him, “Have you believed because you have seen me? Blessed are the people ¹⁹  who have not seen and yet have believed.” ²⁰ 

John 21:2

21:2 Simon Peter, Thomas ²¹  (called Didymus), ²²  Nathanael ²³  (who was from Cana ²⁴  in Galilee), the sons ²⁵  of Zebedee, ²⁶  and two other disciples ²⁷  of his were together.

[6:15]  ¹ sn This is the “doubting Thomas” of John 20:24-29.

[6:15]  ² sn The designation Zealot means that Simon was a political nationalist before coming to follow Jesus. He may not have been technically a member of the particular Jewish nationalistic party known as “Zealots” (since according to some scholars this party had not been organized at that time), but simply someone who was zealous for Jewish independence from Rome, in which case the descriptive term applied to Simon means something like “Simon the patriot” (see L&N 25.77 and especially 11.88).

[11:16]  ³ sn Didymus means “the twin” in Greek.

[11:16]  ⁴ sn This is a parenthetical note by the author.

[11:16]  ⁵ sn One gets the impression from Thomas’ statement “Let us go too, so that we may die with him” that he was something of a pessimist resigned to his fate. And yet his dedicated loyalty to Jesus and his determination to accompany him at all costs was truly commendable. Nor is the contrast between this statement and the confession of Thomas in 20:28, which forms the climax of the entire Fourth Gospel, to be overlooked; certainly Thomas’ concept of who Jesus is has changed drastically between 11:16 and 20:28.

[20:24]  ⁶ sn This is a parenthetical note by the author; Didymus means “the twin” in Greek.

[20:25]  ⁷ tn Grk “but he said to them.”

[20:25]  ⁸ tn Or “marks.”

[20:25]  ⁹ tn The word “it” is not in the Greek text but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context. The use of “it” here as direct object of the verb πιστεύσω (pisteusw) specifies exactly what Thomas was refusing to believe: that Jesus had risen from the dead, as reported by his fellow disciples. Otherwise the English reader may be left with the impression Thomas was refusing to “believe in” Jesus, or “believe Jesus to be the Christ.” The dramatic tension in this narrative is heightened when Thomas, on seeing for himself the risen Christ, believes more than just the resurrection (see John 20:28).

[20:26]  ¹⁰ tn Grk “were inside”; the word “together” is implied.

[20:26]  ¹¹ tn Grk “the doors were shut”; “locked” conveys a more appropriate idea for the modern English reader.

[20:27]  ¹² tn Or “Extend” or “Reach out.” The translation “put” or “reach out” for φέρω (ferw) here is given in BDAG 1052 s.v. 4.

[20:27]  ¹³ tn Grk “see.” The Greek verb ἴδε (ide) is often used like its cognate ἰδού (idou) in Hellenistic Greek (which is “used to emphasize the …importance of someth.” [BDAG 468 s.v. ἰδού 1.b.ε]).

[20:27]  ¹⁴ tn Or “reach out” or “put.”

[20:27]  ¹⁵ tn The word “it” is not in the Greek text but is implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context.

[20:27]  ¹⁶ tn Grk “and do not be unbelieving, but believing.”

[20:28]  ¹⁷ tn Grk “answered and said to him.”

[20:28]  ¹⁸ sn Should Thomas’ exclamation be understood as two subjects with the rest of the sentence omitted (“My Lord and my God has truly risen from the dead”), as predicate nominatives (“You are my Lord and my God”), or as vocatives (“My Lord and my God!”)? Probably the most likely is something between the second and third alternatives. It seems that the second is slightly more likely here, because the context appears confessional. Thomas’ statement, while it may have been an exclamation, does in fact confess the faith which he had previously lacked, and Jesus responds to Thomas’ statement in the following verse as if it were a confession. With the proclamation by Thomas here, it is difficult to see how any more profound analysis of Jesus’ person could be given. It echoes 1:1 and 1:14 together: The Word was God, and the Word became flesh (Jesus of Nazareth). The Fourth Gospel opened with many other titles for Jesus: the Lamb of God (1:29, 36); the Son of God (1:34, 49); Rabbi (1:38); Messiah (1:41); the King of Israel (1:49); the Son of Man (1:51). Now the climax is reached with the proclamation by Thomas, “My Lord and my God,” and the reader has come full circle from 1:1, where the author had introduced him to who Jesus was, to 20:28, where the last of the disciples has come to the full realization of who Jesus was. What Jesus had predicted in John 8:28 had come to pass: “When you lift up the Son of Man, then you will know that I am he” (Grk “I am”). By being lifted up in crucifixion (which led in turn to his death, resurrection, and exaltation with the Father) Jesus has revealed his true identity as both Lord (κύριος [kurios], used by the LXX to translate Yahweh) and God (θεός [qeos], used by the LXX to translate Elohim).

[20:29]  ¹⁹ tn Grk “are those.”

[20:29]  ²⁰ tn Some translations treat πιστεύσαντες (pisteusante") as a gnomic aorist (timeless statement) and thus equivalent to an English present tense: “and yet believe” (RSV). This may create an effective application of the passage to the modern reader, but the author is probably thinking of those people who had already believed without the benefit of seeing the risen Jesus, on the basis of reports by others or because of circumstantial evidence (see John 20:8).

[21:2]  ²¹ tn Grk “and Thomas.” The conjunction καί (kai, “and”) has not been translated here in keeping with the tendency of contemporary English style to use a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements of a series.

[21:2]  ²² sn Didymus means “the twin” in Greek.

[21:2]  ²³ tn Grk “and Nathanael.” The conjunction καί (kai, “and”) has not been translated here in keeping with the tendency of contemporary English style to use a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements of a series.

[21:2]  ²⁴ map For location see Map1 C3; Map2 D2; Map3 C5.

[21:2]  ²⁵ tn Grk “and the sons.” The conjunction καί (kai, “and”) has not been translated here in keeping with the tendency of contemporary English style to use a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements of a series.

[21:2]  ²⁶ sn The sons of Zebedee were James and John.

[21:2]  ²⁷ sn The two other disciples who are not named may have been Andrew and Philip, who are mentioned together in John 6:7-8 and 12:22.