Discovery BoxLuke 1:32-80
Context1:32 He 1 will be great, 2 and will be called the Son of the Most High, 3 and the Lord God will give him the throne of his father 4 David. 1:33 He 5 will reign over the house of Jacob 6 forever, and his kingdom will never end.” 1:34 Mary 7 said to the angel, “How will this be, since I have not had sexual relations with 8 a man?” 1:35 The angel replied, 9 “The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow 10 you. Therefore the child 11 to be born 12 will be holy; 13 he will be called the Son of God.
1:36 “And look, 14 your relative 15 Elizabeth has also become pregnant with 16 a son in her old age – although she was called barren, she is now in her sixth month! 17 1:37 For nothing 18 will be impossible with God.” 1:38 So 19 Mary said, “Yes, 20 I am a servant 21 of the Lord; let this happen to me 22 according to your word.” 23 Then 24 the angel departed from her.
1:39 In those days 25 Mary got up and went hurriedly into the hill country, to a town of Judah, 26 1:40 and entered Zechariah’s house and greeted Elizabeth. 1:41 When 27 Elizabeth heard Mary’s greeting, the baby leaped 28 in her 29 womb, and Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit. 30 1:42 She 31 exclaimed with a loud voice, 32 “Blessed are you among women, 33 and blessed is the child 34 in your womb! 1:43 And who am I 35 that the mother of my Lord should come and visit me? 1:44 For the instant 36 the sound of your greeting reached my ears, 37 the baby in my womb leaped for joy. 38 1:45 And blessed 39 is she who believed that 40 what was spoken to her by 41 the Lord would be fulfilled.” 42
“My soul exalts 45 the Lord, 46
1:47 and my spirit has begun to rejoice 47 in God my Savior,
1:48 because he has looked upon the humble state of his servant. 48
For 49 from now on 50 all generations will call me blessed, 51
1:49 because he who is mighty 52 has done great things for me, and holy is his name;
1:50 from 53 generation to generation he is merciful 54 to those who fear 55 him.
1:51 He has demonstrated power 56 with his arm; he has scattered those whose pride wells up from the sheer arrogance 57 of their hearts.
1:52 He has brought down the mighty 58 from their thrones, and has lifted up those of lowly position; 59
1:53 he has filled the hungry with good things, 60 and has sent the rich away empty. 61
1:54 He has helped his servant Israel, remembering 62 his mercy, 63
1:55 as he promised 64 to our ancestors, 65 to Abraham and to his descendants 66 forever.”
1:56 So 67 Mary stayed with Elizabeth 68 about three months 69 and then returned to her home.
1:57 Now the time came 70 for Elizabeth to have her baby, 71 and she gave birth to a son. 1:58 Her 72 neighbors and relatives heard that the Lord had shown 73 great mercy to her, and they rejoiced 74 with her.
1:59 On 75 the eighth day 76 they came to circumcise the child, and they wanted to name 77 him Zechariah after his father. 1:60 But 78 his mother replied, 79 “No! He must be named 80 John.” 81 1:61 They 82 said to her, “But 83 none of your relatives bears this name.” 84 1:62 So 85 they made signs to the baby’s 86 father, 87 inquiring what he wanted to name his son. 88 1:63 He 89 asked for a writing tablet 90 and wrote, 91 “His name is John.” And they were all amazed. 92 1:64 Immediately 93 Zechariah’s 94 mouth was opened and his tongue 95 released, 96 and he spoke, blessing God. 1:65 All 97 their neighbors were filled with fear, and throughout the entire hill country of Judea all these things were talked about. 1:66 All 98 who heard these things 99 kept them in their hearts, 100 saying, “What then will this child be?” 101 For the Lord’s hand 102 was indeed with him.
1:67 Then 103 his father Zechariah was filled with the Holy Spirit and prophesied, 104
1:68 “Blessed 105 be the Lord God of Israel,
because he has come to help 106 and has redeemed 107 his people.
1:69 For 108 he has raised up 109 a horn of salvation 110 for us in the house of his servant David, 111
1:70 as he spoke through the mouth of his holy prophets from long ago, 112
1:71 that we should be saved 113 from our enemies, 114
and from the hand of all who hate us.
1:72 He has done this 115 to show mercy 116 to our ancestors, 117
and to remember his holy covenant 118 –
1:73 the oath 119 that he swore to our ancestor 120 Abraham.
This oath grants 121
1:74 that we, being rescued from the hand of our 122 enemies,
may serve him without fear, 123
1:75 in holiness and righteousness 124 before him for as long as we live. 125
1:76 And you, child, 126 will be called the prophet 127 of the Most High. 128
For you will go before 129 the Lord to prepare his ways, 130
1:77 to give his people knowledge of salvation 131 through the forgiveness 132 of their sins.
1:78 Because of 133 our God’s tender mercy 134
the dawn 135 will break 136 upon us from on high
1:79 to give light to those who sit in darkness and in the shadow of death, 137
to guide our feet into the way 138 of peace.”
1:80 And the child kept growing 139 and becoming strong 140 in spirit, and he was in the wilderness 141 until the day he was revealed 142 to Israel.
[1:32] 2 sn Compare the description of Jesus as great here with 1:15, “great before the Lord.” Jesus is greater than John, since he is Messiah compared to a prophet. Great is stated absolutely without qualification to make the point.
[1:32] 3 sn The expression Most High is a way to refer to God without naming him. Such avoiding of direct reference to God was common in 1st century Judaism out of reverence for the divine name.
[1:33] 5 tn Grk “And he.” Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. A new sentence is begun here in the translation because of the length of the sentence in Greek.
[1:34] 7 tn Grk “And Mary.” Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[1:34] 8 tn Grk “have not known.” The expression in the Greek text is a euphemism for sexual relations. Mary seems to have sensed that the declaration had an element of immediacy to it that excluded Joseph. Many modern translations render this phrase “since I am a virgin,” but the Greek word for virgin is not used in the text, and the euphemistic expression is really more explicit, referring specifically to sexual relations.
[1:35] 9 tn Grk “And the angel said to her.” Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. The pronoun αὐτῇ (auth, “to her”) has not been included in the translation since it is redundant in contemporary English.
[1:35] 10 sn The phrase will overshadow is a reference to God’s glorious presence at work (Exod 40:34-35; Ps 91:4).
[1:35] 11 tn Or “the one born holy will be called the Son of God.” The wording of this phrase depends on whether the adjective is a predicate adjective, as in the text, or is an adjective modifying the participle serving as the subject. The absence of an article with the adjective speaks for a predicate position. Other less appealing options supply a verb for “holy”; thus “the one who is born will be holy”; or argue that both “holy” and “Son of God” are predicates, so “The one who is born will be called holy, the Son of God.”
[1:35] 12 tc A few
[1:35] 13 tn Or “Therefore the holy child to be born will be called the Son of God.” There are two ways to understand the Greek phrase τὸ γεννώμενον ἅγιον (to gennwmenon {agion) here. First, τὸ γεννώμενον could be considered a substantival participle with ἅγιον as an adjective in the second predicate position, thus making a complete sentence; this interpretation is reflected in the translation above. Second, τὸ ἅγιον could be considered a substantival adjective with γεννώμενον acting as an adjectival participle, thus making the phrase the subject of the verb κληθήσεται (klhqhsetai); this interpretation is reflected in the alternative reading. Treating the participle γεννώμενον as adjectival is a bit unnatural for the very reason that it forces one to understand ἅγιον as substantival; this introduces a new idea in the text with ἅγιον when an already new topic is being introduced with γεννώμενον. Semantically this would overload the new subject introduced at this point. For this reason the first interpretation is preferred.
[1:36] 15 tn Some translations render the word συγγενίς (sungeni") as “cousin” (so Phillips) but the term is not necessarily this specific.
[1:36] 16 tn Or “has conceived.”
[1:36] 17 tn Grk “and this is the sixth month for her who was called barren.” Yet another note on Elizabeth’s loss of reproach also becomes a sign of the truth of the angel’s declaration.
[1:37] 18 tn In Greek, the phrase πᾶν ῥῆμα (pan rJhma, “nothing”) has an emphatic position, giving it emphasis as the lesson in the entire discussion. The remark is a call for faith.
[1:38] 19 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the transition to a new topic.
[1:38] 21 tn Traditionally, “handmaid”; Grk “slave woman.” Though δούλη (doulh) is normally translated “woman servant,” the word does not bear the connotation of a free woman serving another. BDAG notes that “‘servant’ for ‘slave’ is largely confined to Biblical transl. and early American times… in normal usage at the present time the two words are carefully distinguished” (BDAG 260 s.v. δοῦλος). The most accurate translation is “bondservant,” sometimes found in the ASV for δοῦλος (doulos), in that it often indicates one who sells himself or herself into slavery to another. But as this is archaic, few today understand its force.
[1:38] 22 tn Grk “let this be to me.”
[1:38] 23 sn The remark according to your word is a sign of Mary’s total submission to God’s will, a response that makes her exemplary.
[1:38] 24 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
[1:39] 25 sn The expression In those days is another general time reference, though the sense of the context is that the visit came shortly after Mary miraculously conceived and shortly after the announcement about Jesus.
[1:39] 26 sn The author does not say exactly where Elizabeth stayed. The location is given generally as a town of Judah. Judah is about a three day trip south of Nazareth.
[1:41] 27 tn Grk “And it happened that.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated. Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here either.
[1:41] 28 sn When the baby leaped John gave his first testimony about Jesus, a fulfillment of 1:15.
[1:41] 29 tn The antecedent of “her” is Elizabeth.
[1:41] 30 sn The passage makes clear that Elizabeth spoke her commentary with prophetic enablement, filled with the Holy Spirit.
[1:42] 31 tn Grk “and she.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was begun here in the translation. Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[1:42] 32 tn Grk “and she exclaimed with a great cry and said.” The verb εἶπεν (eipen, “said”) has not been included in the translation since it is redundant in contemporary English.
[1:42] 33 sn The commendation Blessed are you among women means that Mary has a unique privilege to be the mother of the promised one of God.
[1:42] 34 tn Grk “fruit,” which is figurative here for the child she would give birth to.
[1:43] 35 tn Grk “From where this to me?” The translation suggests the note of humility and surprise that Elizabeth feels in being a part of these events. The ἵνα (Jina) clause which follows explains what “this” is. A literal translation would read “From where this to me, that is, that the mother of my Lord comes to visit me?”
[1:44] 36 tn Grk “for behold.”
[1:44] 37 tn Grk “when the sound of your greeting [reached] my ears.”
[1:44] 38 sn On the statement the baby in my womb leaped for joy see both 1:14 and 1:47. This notes a fulfillment of God’s promised word.
[1:45] 39 sn Again the note of being blessed makes the key point of the passage about believing God.
[1:45] 40 tn This ὅτι (Joti) clause, technically indirect discourse after πιστεύω (pisteuw), explains the content of the faith, a belief in God’s promise coming to pass.
[1:45] 41 tn That is, “what was said to her (by the angel) at the Lord’s command” (BDAG 756 s.v. παρά A.2).
[1:45] 42 tn Grk “that there would be a fulfillment of what was said to her from the Lord.”
[1:46] 43 tc A few witnesses, especially Latin
[1:46] 44 sn The following passage has been typeset as poetry because many scholars regard this passage as poetic or hymnic. These terms are used broadly to refer to the genre of writing, not to the content. There are two broad criteria for determining if a passage is poetic or hymnic: “(a) stylistic: a certain rhythmical lilt when the passages are read aloud, the presence of parallelismus membrorum (i.e., an arrangement into couplets), the semblance of some metre, and the presence of rhetorical devices such as alliteration, chiasmus, and antithesis; and (b) linguistic: an unusual vocabulary, particularly the presence of theological terms, which is different from the surrounding context” (P. T. O’Brien, Philippians [NIGTC], 188-89). Classifying a passage as hymnic or poetic is important because understanding this genre can provide keys to interpretation. However, not all scholars agree that the above criteria are present in this passage, so the decision to typeset it as poetry should be viewed as a tentative decision about its genre.
[1:46] 45 tn Or “lifts up the Lord in praise.”
[1:46] 46 sn This psalm (vv. 46-55) is one of the few praise psalms in the NT. Mary praises God and then tells why both in terms of his care for her (vv. 46-49) and for others, including Israel (vv. 50-55). Its traditional name, the “Magnificat,” comes from the Latin for the phrase My soul magnifies the Lord at the hymn’s start.
[1:47] 47 tn Or “rejoices.” The translation renders this aorist, which stands in contrast to the previous line’s present tense, as ingressive, which highlights Mary’s joyous reaction to the announcement. A comprehensive aorist is also possible here.
[1:48] 48 tn See the note on the word “servant” in v. 38.
[1:48] 49 tn Grk “for behold.”
[1:48] 50 sn From now on is a favorite phrase of Luke’s, showing how God’s acts change things from this point on (5:10; 12:52; 22:18, 69; Acts 18:6).
[1:48] 51 sn Mary is seen here as an example of an object of God’s grace (blessed) for all generations.
[1:49] 52 tn Traditionally, “the Mighty One.”
[1:50] 53 tn Grk “and from.” Here καί (kai) has been translated by a semicolon to improve the English style.
[1:50] 54 sn God’s mercy refers to his “loyal love” or “steadfast love,” expressed in faithful actions, as the rest of the psalm illustrates.
[1:50] 55 tn That is, “who revere.” This refers to those who show God a reverential respect for his sovereignty.
[1:51] 56 tn Or “shown strength,” “performed powerful deeds.” The verbs here switch to aorist tense through 1:55. This is how God will act in general for his people as they look to his ultimate deliverance.
[1:51] 57 tn Grk “in the imaginations of their hearts.” The psalm rebukes the arrogance of the proud, who think that power is their sovereign right. Here διανοίᾳ (dianoia) can be understood as a dative of sphere or reference/respect.
[1:52] 59 tn Or “those of humble position”
[1:53] 60 sn Good things refers not merely to material blessings, but blessings that come from knowing God.
[1:53] 61 sn Another fundamental contrast of Luke’s is between the hungry and the rich (Luke 6:20-26).
[1:54] 62 tn Or “because he remembered mercy,” understanding the infinitive as causal.
[1:54] 63 tn Or “his [God’s] loyal love.”
[1:55] 64 tn Grk “as he spoke.” Since this is a reference to the covenant to Abraham, ἐλάλησεν (elalhsen) can be translated in context “as he promised.” God keeps his word.
[1:55] 66 tn Grk “his seed” (an idiom for offspring or descendants).
[1:56] 67 tn Grk “And.” Here (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the conclusion of the topic.
[1:56] 68 tn Grk “her”; the referent (Elizabeth) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[1:56] 69 sn As is typical with Luke the timing is approximate (about three months), not specific.
[1:57] 70 tn Grk “the time was fulfilled.”
[1:57] 71 tn The words “her baby” are not in the Greek text, but have been supplied for clarity.
[1:58] 72 tn Grk “And her.” Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[1:58] 73 tn Grk “had magnified his mercy with her.”
[1:58] 74 tn The verb συνέχαιρον (sunecairon) is an imperfect and could be translated as an ingressive force, “they began to rejoice.”
[1:59] 75 tn Grk “And it happened that.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated. Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[1:59] 76 sn They were following OT law (Lev 12:3) which prescribed that a male child was to be circumcised on the eighth day.
[1:59] 77 tn This could be understood as a conative imperfect, expressing an unrealized desire (“they were trying to name him”). It has been given more of a voluntative nuance in the translation.
[1:60] 78 tn Grk “And,” but with clearly contrastive emphasis in context.
[1:60] 79 tn Grk “his mother answering, said.” The combination of participle and finite verb is redundant in English and has been simplified to “replied” in the translation.
[1:60] 80 tn This future passive indicative verb has imperatival force and thus has been translated “he must be named.”
[1:60] 81 sn “No! He must be named John.” By insisting on the name specified by the angel, Elizabeth (v. 60) and Zechariah (v. 63) have learned to obey God (see Luke 1:13).
[1:61] 82 tn Grk “And they.” Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[1:61] 83 tn The word “but” is not in the Greek text but has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
[1:61] 84 tn Grk “There is no one from your relatives who is called by this name.”
[1:62] 85 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the consequential nature of the action described.
[1:62] 86 tn Grk “his”; the referent (the baby) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[1:62] 87 sn The crowd was sure there had been a mistake, so they appealed to the child’s father. But custom was not to be followed here, since God had spoken. The fact they needed to signal him (made signs) shows that he was deaf as well as unable to speak.
[1:62] 88 tn Grk “what he might wish to call him.”
[1:63] 89 tn Grk “And he.” Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[1:63] 90 sn The writing tablet requested by Zechariah would have been a wax tablet.
[1:63] 91 tn Grk “and wrote, saying.” The participle λέγων (legwn) is redundant is English and has not been translated.
[1:63] 92 sn The response, they were all amazed, expresses a mixture of surprise and reflection in this setting where they were so certain of what the child’s name would be.
[1:64] 93 tn Grk “And immediately.” Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[1:64] 94 tn Grk “his”; the referent (Zechariah) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[1:64] 95 sn The mention of both mouth and tongue here is a figure called zeugma and emphasizes that the end of the temporary judgment came instantly and fully upon Zechariah’s expression of faith in naming the child. He had learned to trust and obey God during his short period of silence. He had learned from his trial.
[1:64] 96 tn “Released” is implied; in the Greek text both στόμα (stoma) and γλῶσσα (glwssa) are subjects of ἀνεῴχθη (anewcqh), but this would be somewhat redundant in English.
[1:65] 97 tn Grk “And all.” Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
[1:66] 98 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style. A new sentence was begun at this point in the translation because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence.
[1:66] 99 tn Grk “heard them”; the referent (these things, from the previous verse) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[1:66] 100 tn Grk “heart.” The term “heart” (καρδία, kardia) could also be translated as “mind,” or “thoughts,” and the entire phrase be rendered as “kept them in mind,” “thought about,” or the like. But the immediate context is clearly emotive, suggesting that much more is at work than merely the mental processes of thinking or reasoning about “these things.” There is a sense of joy and excitement (see the following question, “What then will this child be?”) and even fear. Further, the use of καρδία in 1:66 suggests connections with the same term in 2:19 where deep emotion is being expressed as well. Therefore, recognizing both the dramatic nature of the immediate context and the literary connections to 2:19, the translation renders the term in 1:66 as “hearts” to capture both the cognitive and emotive aspects of the people’s response.
[1:66] 101 tn Or “what manner of child will this one be?”
[1:66] 102 sn The reference to the Lord’s hand indicates that the presence, direction, and favor of God was with him (Acts 7:9b).
[1:67] 103 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
[1:67] 104 tn Grk “and he prophesied, saying.” The participle λέγων (legwn) is redundant and has not been translated.
[1:68] 105 sn The traditional name of this psalm, the “Benedictus,” comes from the Latin wording of the start of the hymn (“Blessed be…”).
[1:68] 106 sn The verb come to help can refer to a visit, but can also connote concern or assistance (L&N 85.11).
[1:68] 107 tn Or “has delivered”; Grk “has accomplished redemption.”
[1:69] 108 tn Grk “and,” but specifying the reason for the praise in the psalm.
[1:69] 109 sn The phrase raised up means for God to bring someone significant onto the scene of history.
[1:69] 110 sn The horn of salvation is a figure that refers to the power of Messiah and his ability to protect, as the horn refers to what an animal uses to attack and defend (Ps 75:4-5, 10; 148:14; 2 Sam 22:3). Thus the meaning of the figure is “a powerful savior.”
[1:69] 111 sn In the house of his servant David is a reference to Messiah’s Davidic descent. Zechariah is more interested in Jesus than his own son John at this point.
[1:70] 112 tn Grk “from the ages,” “from eternity.”
[1:71] 113 tn Grk “from long ago, salvation.”
[1:71] 114 sn The theme of being saved from our enemies is like the release Jesus preached in Luke 4:18-19. Luke’s narrative shows that one of the enemies in view is Satan and his cohorts, with the grip they have on humanity.
[1:72] 115 tn The words “He has done this” (referring to the raising up of the horn of salvation from David’s house) are not in the Greek text, but are supplied to allow a new sentence to be started in the translation. The Greek sentence is lengthy and complex at this point, while contemporary English uses much shorter sentences.
[1:72] 116 sn Mercy refers to God’s loyal love (steadfast love) by which he completes his promises. See Luke 1:50.
[1:72] 117 tn Or “our forefathers”; Grk “our fathers.” This begins with the promise to Abraham (vv. 55, 73), and thus refers to many generations of ancestors.
[1:72] 118 sn The promises of God can be summarized as being found in the one promise (the oath that he swore) to Abraham (Gen 12:1-3).
[1:73] 119 tn This is linked back grammatically by apposition to “covenant” in v. 72, specifying which covenant is meant.
[1:73] 120 tn Or “forefather”; Grk “father.”
[1:73] 121 tn Again for reasons of English style, the infinitival clause “to grant us” has been translated “This oath grants” and made the beginning of a new sentence in the translation.
[1:74] 122 tc Many important early
[1:74] 123 tn This phrase in Greek is actually thrown forward to the front of the verse to give it emphasis.
[1:75] 124 sn The phrases that we…might serve him…in holiness and righteousness from Luke 1:74-75 well summarize a basic goal for a believer in the eyes of Luke. Salvation frees us up to serve God without fear through a life full of ethical integrity.
[1:75] 125 tn Grk “all our days.”
[1:76] 126 sn Now Zechariah describes his son John (you, child) through v. 77.
[1:76] 127 tn Or “a prophet”; but since Greek nouns can be definite without the article, and since in context this is a reference to the eschatological forerunner of the Messiah (cf. John 1:17), the concept is better conveyed to the English reader by the use of the definite article “the.”
[1:76] 128 sn In other words, John is a prophet of God; see 1:32 and 7:22-23, 28.
[1:76] 129 tc Most
[1:76] 130 tn This term is often translated in the singular, looking specifically to the forerunner role, but the plural suggests the many elements in that salvation.
[1:77] 131 sn John’s role, to give his people knowledge of salvation, is similar to that of Jesus (Luke 3:1-14; 5:31-32).
[1:77] 132 sn Forgiveness is another major Lukan theme (Luke 4:18; 24:47; Acts 10:37).
[1:78] 133 tn For reasons of style, a new sentence has been started in the translation at this point. God’s mercy is ultimately seen in the deliverance John points to, so v. 78a is placed with the reference to Jesus as the light of dawning day.
[1:78] 134 sn God’s loyal love (steadfast love) is again the topic, reflected in the phrase tender mercy; see Luke 1:72.
[1:78] 135 sn The Greek term translated dawn (ἀνατολή, anatolh) can be a reference to the morning star or to the sun. The Messiah is pictured as a saving light that shows the way. The Greek term was also used to translate the Hebrew word for “branch” or “sprout,” so some see a double entendre here with messianic overtones (see Isa 11:1-10; Jer 23:5; 33:15; Zech 3:8; 6:12).
[1:78] 136 tn Grk “shall visit us.”
[1:79] 137 sn On the phrases who sit in darkness…and…death see Isa 9:1-2; 42:7; 49:9-10.
[1:80] 139 tn This verb is imperfect.
