Matthew 10:5-42

10:5 Jesus sent out these twelve, instructing them as follows: ¹  “Do not go to Gentile regions ²  and do not enter any Samaritan town. ³  10:6 Go ⁴  instead to the lost sheep of the house of Israel. 10:7 As you go, preach this message: ‘The kingdom of heaven is near!’ 10:8 Heal the sick, raise the dead, ⁵  cleanse lepers, cast out demons. Freely you received, freely give. 10:9 Do not take gold, silver, or copper in your belts, 10:10 no bag ⁶  for the journey, or an extra tunic, ⁷  or sandals or staff, ⁸  for the worker deserves his provisions. 10:11 Whenever ⁹  you enter a town or village, ¹⁰  find out who is worthy there ¹¹  and stay with them ¹²  until you leave. 10:12 As you enter the house, give it greetings. ¹³  10:13 And if the house is worthy, let your peace come on it, but if it is not worthy, let your peace return to you. ¹⁴  10:14 And if anyone will not welcome you or listen to your message, shake the dust off ¹⁵  your feet as you leave that house or that town. 10:15 I tell you the truth, ¹⁶  it will be more bearable for the region of Sodom and Gomorrah ¹⁷  on the day of judgment than for that town!

Persecution of Disciples

10:16 “I ¹⁸  am sending you out like sheep surrounded by wolves, ¹⁹  so be wise as serpents and innocent as doves. 10:17 Beware ²⁰  of people, because they will hand you over to councils ²¹  and flog ²²  you in their synagogues. ²³  10:18 And you will be brought before governors and kings ²⁴  because of me, as a witness to them and the Gentiles. 10:19 Whenever ²⁵  they hand you over for trial, do not worry about how to speak or what to say, ²⁶  for what you should say will be given to you at that time. ²⁷  10:20 For it is not you speaking, but the Spirit of your Father speaking through you.

10:21 “Brother ²⁸  will hand over brother to death, and a father his child. Children will rise against ²⁹  parents and have them put to death. 10:22 And you will be hated by everyone because of my name. But the one who endures to the end will be saved. 10:23 Whenever ³⁰  they persecute you in one place, ³¹  flee to another. I tell you the truth, ³²  you will not finish going through all the towns ³³  of Israel before the Son of Man comes.

10:24 “A disciple is not greater than his teacher, nor a slave ³⁴  greater than his master. 10:25 It is enough for the disciple to become like his teacher, and the slave like his master. If they have called the head of the house ‘Beelzebul,’ how much more will they defame the members of his household!

Fear God, Not Man

10:26 “Do ³⁵  not be afraid of them, for nothing is hidden ³⁶  that will not be revealed, ³⁷  and nothing is secret that will not be made known. 10:27 What I say to you in the dark, tell in the light, and what is whispered in your ear, ³⁸  proclaim from the housetops. ³⁹  10:28 Do ⁴⁰  not be afraid of those who kill the body ⁴¹  but cannot kill the soul. Instead, fear the one who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell. ⁴²  10:29 Aren’t two sparrows sold for a penny? ⁴³  Yet not one of them falls to the ground apart from your Father’s will. ⁴⁴  10:30 Even all the hairs on your head are numbered. 10:31 So do not be afraid; ⁴⁵  you are more valuable than many sparrows.

10:32 “Whoever, then, acknowledges ⁴⁶  me before people, I will acknowledge ⁴⁷  before my Father in heaven. 10:33 But whoever denies me before people, I will deny him also before my Father in heaven.

Not Peace, but a Sword

10:34 “Do not think that I have come to bring ⁴⁸  peace to the earth. I have not come to bring peace but a sword. 10:35 For I have come to set a man against his father, a daughter against her mother, and a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law, 10:36 and a man’s enemies will be the members of his household. ⁴⁹ 

10:37 “Whoever loves father or mother more than me is not worthy of me, and whoever loves son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. 10:38 And whoever does not take up his cross ⁵⁰  and follow me is not worthy of me. 10:39 Whoever finds his life ⁵¹  will lose it, ⁵²  and whoever loses his life because of me ⁵³  will find it.

Rewards

10:40 “Whoever receives you receives me, and whoever receives me receives the one who sent me. ⁵⁴  10:41 Whoever receives a prophet in the name of a prophet will receive a prophet’s reward. Whoever ⁵⁵  receives a righteous person in the name of a righteous person will receive a righteous person’s reward. 10:42 And whoever gives only a cup of cold water to one of these little ones in the name of a disciple, I tell you the truth, ⁵⁶  he will never lose his reward.”

[10:5]  ¹ tn Grk “instructing them, saying.”

[10:5]  ² tn Grk “on the road of the Gentiles.” That is, a path that leads to Gentile regions.

[10:5]  ³ tn Grk “town [or city] of the Samaritans.”

[10:6]  ⁴ tn Grk “But go.” The Greek μᾶλλον (mallon, “rather, instead”) conveys the adversative nuance here so that δέ (de) has not been translated.

[10:8]  ⁵ tc The majority of Byzantine minuscules, along with a few other witnesses (C³ K L Γ Θ 700* al), lack νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε (nekrou" ejgeirete, “raise the dead”), most likely because of oversight due to a string of similar endings (-ετε in the second person imperatives, occurring five times in v. 8). The longer version of this verse is found in several diverse and ancient witnesses such as א B C* (D) N 0281^vid Ë^1,13 33 565 al lat; P W Δ 348 have a word-order variation, but nevertheless include νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε. Although some Byzantine-text proponents charge the Alexandrian witnesses with theologically-motivated alterations toward heterodoxy, it is interesting to find a variant such as this in which the charge could be reversed (do the Byzantine scribes have something against the miracle of resurrection?). In reality, such charges of wholesale theologically-motivated changes toward heterodoxy are immediately suspect due to lack of evidence of intentional changes (here the change is evidently due to accidental omission).

[10:10]  ⁶ tn Or “no traveler’s bag”; or possibly “no beggar’s bag” (L&N 6.145; BDAG 811 s.v. πήρα).

[10:10]  ⁷ tn Grk “two tunics.” See the note on the word “tunic” in Matt 5:40.

[10:10]  ⁸ sn Mark 6:8 allows one staff. It might be that Matthew’s summary (cf. Luke 9:3) means not taking an extra staff or that the expression is merely rhetorical for “traveling light” which has been rendered in two slightly different ways.

[10:11]  ⁹ tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.

[10:11]  ¹⁰ tn Grk “Into whatever town or village you enter.” This acts as a distributive, meaning every town or village they enter; this is expressed more naturally in English as “whenever you enter a town or village.”

[10:11]  ¹¹ tn Grk “in it” (referring to the city or village).

[10:11]  ¹² tn Grk “there.” This was translated as “with them” to avoid redundancy in English and to clarify where the disciples were to stay.

[10:12]  ¹³ tn This is a metonymy; the “house” is put for those who live in it.

[10:13]  ¹⁴ sn The response to these messengers determines how God’s blessing is bestowed – if the messengers are not welcomed, their blessing will return to them. Jesus shows just how important their mission is by this remark.

[10:14]  ¹⁵ sn To shake the dust off represented shaking off the uncleanness from one’s feet; see Luke 10:11; Acts 13:51; 18:6. It was a sign of rejection.

[10:15]  ¹⁶ tn Grk “Truly (ἀμήν, amhn), I say to you.”

[10:15]  ¹⁷ sn The allusion to Sodom and Gomorrah, the most wicked of OT cities from Gen 19:1-29, shows that to reject the current message is even more serious than the worst sins of the old era and will result in more severe punishment.

[10:16]  ¹⁸ tn Grk “Behold I.” The Greek word ἰδού (idou) has not been translated because it has no exact English equivalent here, but adds interest and emphasis (BDAG 468 s.v. 1).

[10:16]  ¹⁹ sn This imagery of wolves is found in intertestamental Judaism; see Pss. Sol. 8:23, 30.

[10:17]  ²⁰ tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.

[10:17]  ²¹ sn Councils in this context refers to local judicial bodies attached to the Jewish synagogue. This group would be responsible for meting out justice and discipline within the Jewish community.

[10:17]  ²² tn BDAG 620 s.v. μαστιγόω 1.a states, “of flogging as a punishment decreed by the synagogue (Dt 25:2f; s. the Mishna Tractate Sanhedrin-Makkoth, edited w. notes by SKrauss ’33) w. acc. of pers. Mt 10:17; 23:34.”

[10:17]  ²³ sn See the note on synagogues in 4:23.

[10:18]  ²⁴ sn These statements look at persecution both from a Jewish context as the mention of courts and synagogues suggests, and from a Gentile one as the reference to governors and kings suggests. Some fulfillment of Jewish persecution can be seen in Acts.

[10:19]  ²⁵ tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.

[10:19]  ²⁶ tn Grk “how or what you might speak.”

[10:19]  ²⁷ tn Grk “in that hour.”

[10:21]  ²⁸ tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.

[10:21]  ²⁹ tn Or “will rebel against.”

[10:23]  ³⁰ tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.

[10:23]  ³¹ tn The Greek word here is πόλις (polis), which can mean either “town” or “city.”

[10:23]  ³² tn Grk “For truly (ἀμήν, amhn) I say to you.” Here γάρ (gar, “for”) has not been translated.

[10:23]  ³³ tn The Greek word here is πόλις (polis), which can mean either “town” or “city.” “Town” was chosen here to emphasize the extensive nature of the disciples’ ministry. The same word is translated earlier in the verse as “place.”

[10:24]  ³⁴ tn See the note on the word “slave” in 8:9.

[10:26]  ³⁵ tn Grk “Therefore do not.” Here οὖν (oun) has not been translated.

[10:26]  ³⁶ tn Or “concealed.”

[10:26]  ³⁷ sn I.e., be revealed by God. The passive voice here and in the next verb see the revelation as coming from God. The text is both a warning about bad things being revealed and an encouragement that good things will be made known.

[10:27]  ³⁸ tn Grk “what you hear in the ear,” an idiom.

[10:27]  ³⁹ tn The expression “proclaim from the housetops” is an idiom for proclaiming something publicly (L&N 7.51). Roofs of many first century Jewish houses in Judea and Galilee were flat and had access either from outside or from within the house. Something shouted from atop a house would be heard by everyone in the street below.

[10:28]  ⁴⁰ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated.

[10:28]  ⁴¹ sn Judaism had a similar exhortation in 4 Macc 13:14-15.

[10:28]  ⁴² sn See the note on the word hell in 5:22.

[10:29]  ⁴³ sn The penny refers to an assarion, a small Roman copper coin. One of them was worth one-sixteenth of a denarius or less than a half hour’s average wage. Sparrows were the cheapest items sold in the market. God knows about even the most financially insignificant things; see Isa 49:15.

[10:29]  ⁴⁴ tn Or “to the ground without the knowledge and consent of your Father.”

[10:31]  ⁴⁵ sn Do not be afraid. One should respect and show reverence to God, but need not fear his tender care.

[10:32]  ⁴⁶ tn Or “confesses.”

[10:32]  ⁴⁷ tn Grk “I will acknowledge him also.”

[10:34]  ⁴⁸ tn Grk “cast.” For βάλλω (ballw) in the sense of causing a state or condition, see L&N 13.14.

[10:36]  ⁴⁹ tn Matt 10:35-36 are an allusion to Mic 7:6.

[10:38]  ⁵⁰ sn It was customary practice in a Roman crucifixion for the prisoner to be made to carry his own cross. Jesus is speaking figuratively here in the context of rejection. If the priority is not one’s allegiance to Jesus, then one will not follow him in the face of possible rejection.

[10:39]  ⁵¹ tn Grk “his soul,” but ψυχή (yuch) is frequently used of one’s physical life. It clearly has that meaning in this context.

[10:39]  ⁵² sn If there is no willingness to suffer the world’s rejection at this point, then one will not respond to Jesus (which is trying to find life) and then will be subject to this judgment (which is losing it).

[10:39]  ⁵³ tn Or “for my sake.” The traditional rendering “for my sake” can be understood in the sense of “for my benefit,” but the Greek term ἕνεκα indicates the cause or reason for something (BDAG 334 s.v. 1).

[10:40]  ⁵⁴ sn The one who sent me refers to God.

[10:41]  ⁵⁵ tn Grk “And whoever.” Here καί (kai) has not been translated.

[10:42]  ⁵⁶ tn Grk “Truly (ἀμήν, amhn), I say to you.”