Discovery BoxMatthew 13:1-40
Context13:1 On that day after Jesus went out of the house, he sat by the lake. 13:2 And such a large crowd gathered around him that he got into a boat to sit while 1 the whole crowd stood on the shore. 13:3 He 2 told them many things in parables, 3 saying: “Listen! 4 A sower went out to sow. 5 13:4 And as he sowed, some seeds 6 fell along the path, and the birds came and devoured them. 13:5 Other 7 seeds fell on rocky ground 8 where they did not have much soil. They sprang up quickly because the soil was not deep. 9 13:6 But when the sun came up, they were scorched, and because they did not have sufficient root, they withered. 13:7 Other seeds fell among the thorns, 10 and they grew up and choked them. 11 13:8 But other seeds fell on good soil and produced grain, some a hundred times as much, some sixty, and some thirty. 13:9 The one who has ears had better listen!” 12
13:10 Then 13 the disciples came to him and said, “Why do you speak to them in parables?” 13:11 He replied, 14 “You have been given 15 the opportunity to know 16 the secrets 17 of the kingdom of heaven, but they have not. 13:12 For whoever has will be given more, and will have an abundance. But whoever does not have, even what he has will be taken from him. 18 13:13 For this reason I speak to them in parables: Although they see they do not see, and although they hear they do not hear nor do they understand. 13:14 And concerning them the prophecy of Isaiah is fulfilled that says:
‘You will listen carefully 19 yet will never understand,
you will look closely 20 yet will never comprehend.
13:15 For the heart of this people has become dull;
they are hard of hearing,
and they have shut their eyes,
so that they would not see with their eyes
and hear with their ears
and understand with their hearts
and turn, and I would heal them.’ 21
13:16 “But your eyes are blessed 22 because they see, and your ears because they hear. 13:17 For I tell you the truth, 23 many prophets and righteous people longed to see 24 what you see but did not see it, and to hear what you hear but did not hear it.
13:18 “So listen to the parable of the sower: 13:19 When anyone hears the word about the kingdom and does not understand it, the evil one 25 comes and snatches what was sown in his heart; 26 this is the seed sown along the path. 13:20 The 27 seed sown on rocky ground 28 is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy. 13:21 But he has no root in himself and does not endure; 29 when 30 trouble or persecution comes because of the word, immediately he falls away. 13:22 The 31 seed sown among thorns is the person who hears the word, but worldly cares and the seductiveness of wealth 32 choke the word, 33 so it produces nothing. 13:23 But as for the seed sown on good soil, this is the person who hears the word and understands. He bears fruit, yielding a hundred, sixty, or thirty times what was sown.” 34
13:24 He presented them with another parable: 35 “The kingdom of heaven is like a person who sowed good seed in his field. 13:25 But while everyone was sleeping, an enemy came and sowed weeds 36 among the wheat and went away. 13:26 When 37 the plants sprouted and bore grain, then the weeds also appeared. 13:27 So the slaves 38 of the owner came and said to him, ‘Sir, didn’t you sow good seed in your field? Then where did the weeds come from?’ 13:28 He said, ‘An enemy has done this.’ So 39 the slaves replied, ‘Do you want us to go and gather them?’ 13:29 But he said, ‘No, since in gathering the weeds you may uproot the wheat with them. 13:30 Let both grow together until the harvest. At 40 harvest time I will tell the reapers, “First collect the weeds and tie them in bundles to be burned, but then 41 gather 42 the wheat into my barn.”’”
13:31 He gave 43 them another parable: 44 “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed 45 that a man took and sowed in his field. 13:32 It is the smallest of all the seeds, but when it has grown it is the greatest garden plant and becomes a tree, 46 so that the wild birds 47 come and nest in its branches.” 48
13:33 He told them another parable: “The kingdom of heaven is like yeast that a woman took and mixed with 49 three measures 50 of flour until all the dough had risen.” 51
13:34 Jesus spoke all these things in parables to the crowds; he did not speak to them without a parable. 13:35 This fulfilled what was spoken by the prophet: 52
“I will open my mouth in parables,
I will announce what has been hidden from the foundation of the world.” 53
13:36 Then he left the crowds and went into the house. And his disciples came to him saying, “Explain to us the parable of the weeds in the field.” 13:37 He 54 answered, “The one who sowed the good seed is the Son of Man. 13:38 The field is the world and the good seed are the people 55 of the kingdom. The weeds are the people 56 of the evil one, 13:39 and the enemy who sows them is the devil. The harvest is the end of the age, and the reapers are angels. 13:40 As 57 the weeds are collected and burned with fire, so it will be at the end of the age.
[13:2] 1 tn Grk “and all the crowd.” The clause in this phrase, although coordinate in terms of grammar, is logically subordinate to the previous clause.
[13:3] 2 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated.
[13:3] 3 sn Though parables can contain a variety of figures of speech (cf. the remainder of chapter 13), many times they are simply stories that attempt to teach spiritual truth (which is unknown to the hearers) by using a comparison with something known to the hearers. In general, parables usually advance a single idea, though there may be many parts and characters in a single parable and subordinate ideas may expand the main idea further. The beauty of using the parable as a teaching device is that it draws the listener into the story, elicits an evaluation, and demands a response.
[13:3] 5 sn A sower went out to sow. The background for this well-known parable, drawn from a typical scene in the Palestinian countryside, is a field through which a well-worn path runs. Sowing would occur in late fall or early winter (October to December) in the rainy season, looking for sprouting in April or May and a June harvest. The use of seed as a figure for God’s giving life has OT roots (Isa 55:10-11). The point of the parable of the sower is to illustrate the various responses to the message of the kingdom of God.
[13:4] 6 tn In Matthew’s version of this parable, plural pronouns are used to refer to the seed in v. 4 (ἅ…αὐτά [Ja…auta]), although the collective singular is used in v. 5 and following (indicated by the singular verbs like ἔπεσεν [epesen]). For the sake of consistency in English, plural pronouns referring to the seed are used in the translation throughout the Matthean account. In both Mark and Luke the collective singular is used consistently throughout (cf. Mark 4:1-9; Luke 8:4-8).
[13:5] 7 tn Here and in vv. 7 and 8 δέ (de) has not been translated.
[13:5] 8 sn The rocky ground in Palestine would be a limestone base lying right under the soil.
[13:5] 9 tn Grk “it did not have enough depth of earth.”
[13:7] 10 sn Palestinian weeds like these thorns could grow up to six feet in height and have a major root system.
[13:7] 11 sn That is, crowded out the good plants.
[13:9] 12 tn The translation “had better listen!” captures the force of the third person imperative more effectively than the traditional “let him hear,” which sounds more like a permissive than an imperative to the modern English reader. This was Jesus’ common expression to listen and heed carefully (cf. Matt 11:15, 13:43; Mark 4:9, 23; Luke 8:8, 14:35).
[13:10] 13 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
[13:11] 14 tn Grk “And answering, he said to them.” This construction is somewhat redundant in English and has been simplified in the translation. Here δέ (de) has not been translated.
[13:11] 15 tn This is an example of a “divine passive,” with God understood to be the source of the revelation (see ExSyn 437-38).
[13:11] 16 tn Grk “to you it has been given to know.” The dative pronoun occurs first, in emphatic position in the Greek text, although this position is awkward in contemporary English.
[13:11] 17 tn Grk “the mysteries.”
[13:12] 18 sn What he has will be taken from him. The meaning is that the one who accepts Jesus’ teaching concerning his person and the kingdom will receive a share in the kingdom now and even more in the future, but for the one who rejects Jesus’ words, the opportunity that that person presently possesses with respect to the kingdom will someday be taken away forever.
[13:14] 19 tn Grk “with hearing,” a cognate dative that intensifies the action of the main verb “you will listen” (ExSyn 168-69).
[13:14] 20 tn Grk “look by looking.” The participle is redundant, functioning to intensify the force of the main verb.
[13:15] 21 sn A quotation from Isa 6:9-10. Thus parables both conceal or reveal depending on whether one is open to hearing what they teach.
[13:16] 22 sn This beatitude highlights the great honor bestowed on the disciples to share in this salvation.
[13:17] 23 tn Grk “truly (ἀμήν, amhn) I say to you.”
[13:17] 24 sn This is what past prophets and righteous people had wanted very much to see, yet the fulfillment had come to the disciples. This remark is like 1 Pet 1:10-12 or Heb 1:1-2.
[13:19] 25 sn Interestingly, the synoptic parallels each use a different word for Satan here: Mark 4:15 has “Satan,” while Luke 8:12 has “the devil.” This illustrates the fluidity of the gospel tradition in often using synonyms at the same point of the parallel tradition.
[13:19] 26 sn The word of Jesus has the potential to save if it germinates in a person’s heart, something the devil is very much against.
[13:20] 27 tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.
[13:20] 28 tn Grk “The one sown on rocky ground, this is the one.” The next two statements like this one have this same syntactical structure.
[13:21] 29 tn Grk “is temporary.”
[13:21] 30 tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.
[13:22] 31 tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.
[13:22] 32 tn Grk “the deceitfulness of riches.” Cf. BDAG 99 s.v. ἀπάτη 1, “the seduction which comes from wealth.”
[13:22] 33 sn That is, their concern for spiritual things is crowded out by material things.
[13:23] 34 tn The Greek is difficult to translate because it switches from a generic “he” to three people within this generic class (thus, something like: “Who indeed bears fruit and yields, in one instance a hundred times, in another, sixty times, in another, thirty times”).
[13:24] 35 tn Grk “He set before them another parable, saying.” The participle λέγων (legwn) is redundant and has not been translated.
[13:25] 36 tn Grk “sowed darnel.” The Greek term ζιζάνιον (zizanion) refers to an especially undesirable weed that looks like wheat but has poisonous seeds (L&N 3.30).
[13:26] 37 tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.
[13:27] 38 tn See the note on the word “slave” in 8:9.
[13:28] 39 tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the owner’s statement.
[13:30] 40 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated.
[13:30] 42 tn Grk “burned, but gather.”
[13:31] 43 tn Grk “put before.”
[13:31] 44 tn Grk “He set before them another parable, saying.” The participle λέγων (legwn) is redundant and has not been translated.
[13:31] 45 sn The mustard seed was noted for its tiny size.
[13:32] 46 sn This is rhetorical hyperbole, since technically a mustard plant is not a tree. This could refer to one of two types of mustard plant popular in Palestine and would be either ten or twenty-five ft (3 or 7.5 m) tall.
[13:32] 47 tn Grk “the birds of the sky” or “the birds of the heaven”; the Greek word οὐρανός (ouranos) may be translated either “sky” or “heaven,” depending on the context. The idiomatic expression “birds of the sky” refers to wild birds as opposed to domesticated fowl (cf. BDAG 809 s.v. πετεινόν).
[13:32] 48 sn The point of the parable seems to be that while the kingdom of God may appear to have insignificant and unnoticeable beginnings (i.e., in the ministry of Jesus), it will someday (i.e., at the second advent) be great and quite expansive. The kingdom, however, is not to be equated with the church, but rather the church is an expression of the kingdom. Also, there is important OT background in the image of the mustard seed that grew and became a tree: Ezek 17:22-24 pictures the reemergence of the Davidic house where people can find calm and shelter. Like the mustard seed, it would start out small but grow to significant size.
[13:33] 50 sn This measure was a saton, the Greek name for the Hebrew term “seah.” Three of these was a very large quantity of flour, since a saton is a little over 16 pounds (7 kg) of dry measure (or 13.13 liters). So this was over 47 lbs (21 kg) of flour total, enough to feed over a hundred people.
[13:33] 51 tn Grk “it was all leavened.”
[13:35] 52 tc A few important
[13:35] 53 sn A quotation from Ps 78:2.
[13:37] 54 tn Grk “And answering, he said.” This construction is somewhat redundant in English and has been simplified in the translation. Here δέ (de) has not been translated.
[13:38] 55 tn Grk “the sons of the kingdom.” This idiom refers to people who should properly be, or were traditionally regarded as, a part of God’s kingdom. L&N 11.13 translates the phrase: “people of God’s kingdom, God’s people.”
[13:38] 56 tn Grk “the sons of the evil one.” See the preceding note on the phrase “people of the kingdom” earlier in this verse, which is the opposite of this phrase. See also L&N 9.4; 11.13; 11.14.
[13:40] 57 tn Grk “Therefore as.” Here οὖν (oun) has not been translated.
