Proverbs 10:20-21

10:20 What the righteous say ¹  is like ²  the best ³  silver,

but what the wicked think ⁴  is of little value. ⁵ 

10:21 The teaching ⁶  of the righteous feeds ⁷  many,

but fools die ⁸  for lack of wisdom. ⁹ 

Proverbs 13:17

13:17 An unreliable ¹⁰  messenger falls ¹¹  into trouble, ¹² 

but a faithful envoy ¹³  brings ¹⁴  healing.

Proverbs 15:7

15:7 The lips of the wise spread ¹⁵  knowledge,

but not so the heart of fools. ¹⁶ 

Proverbs 16:24

16:24 Pleasant words are like ¹⁷  a honeycomb, ¹⁸ 

sweet to the soul and healing ¹⁹  to the bones.

Daniel 11:33

11:33 These who are wise among the people will teach the masses. ²⁰  However, they will fall ²¹  by the sword and by the flame, ²²  and they will be imprisoned and plundered for some time. ²³ 

Revelation 22:2

22:2 flowing down the middle of the city’s ²⁴  main street. ²⁵  On each side ²⁶  of the river is the tree of life producing twelve kinds ²⁷  of fruit, yielding its fruit every month of the year. ²⁸  Its leaves are for the healing of the nations.

[10:20]  ¹ tn Heb “the lips of the righteous.” The term “lips” functions as a metonymy of cause for speech. This contrasts the tongue (metonymy of cause for what they say) with the heart (metonymy of subject for what they intend). What the righteous say is more valuable than what the wicked intend.

[10:20]  ² tn The comparative “like” is not in the Hebrew text but is implied by the metaphor; it is supplied in the translation for the sake of clarity.

[10:20]  ³ tn Or “pure”; Heb “choice.”

[10:20]  ⁴ tn Heb “the heart of the wicked” (so KJV, NAB, NIV). The term “heart” functions as a metonymy of cause for thoughts. The term לֵב (lev, “heart”) often refers to the seat of thoughts, will and emotions (BDB 524 s.v. 3-4).

[10:20]  ⁵ tn Heb “like little.” This expression refers to what has little value: “little worth” (so KJV, NAB, NRSV; cf. BDB 590 s.v. מְעַט 2.d). The point of the metaphor is clarified by the parallelism: Silver is valuable; the heart of the wicked is worth little. Tg. Prov 10:20 says it was full of dross, a contrast with choice silver.

[10:21]  ⁶ tn Heb “lips.” The term “lips” functions as a metonymy of cause for what is said (or in this case taught).

[10:21]  ⁷ tn The verb רָעָה (ra’ah) means “to feed” or “to shepherd” (e.g., Gen 48:15). What they say will meet the needs of many.

[10:21]  ⁸ tn In what sense the fool “dies” is unclear. Fools ruin their lives and the lives of others by their lack of discipline and knowledge. The contrast is between enhancing life and ruining life.

[10:21]  ⁹ tn Heb “heart.” The term לֵב (lev, “heart”) functions as a metonymy of association for wisdom and knowledge (BDB 524 s.v. 3.a).

[13:17]  ¹⁰ tn Heb “bad.”

[13:17]  ¹¹ tn The RSV changes this to a Hiphil to read, “plunges [men] into trouble.” But the text simply says the wicked messenger “falls into trouble,” perhaps referring to punishment for his bad service.

[13:17]  ¹² tn Or “evil.”

[13:17]  ¹³ tn Heb “an envoy of faithfulness.” The genitive אֱמוּנִים (’emunim, “faithfulness”) functions as an attributive adjective: “faithful envoy.” The plural form אמונים (literally, “faithfulnesses”) is characteristic of abstract nouns. The term “envoy” (צִיר, tsir) suggests that the person is in some kind of government service (e.g., Isa 18:2; Jer 49:14; cf. KJV, ASV “ambassador”). This individual can be trusted to “bring healing” – be successful in the mission. The wisdom literature of the ancient Neat East has much to say about messengers.

[13:17]  ¹⁴ tn The verb “brings” does not appear in the Hebrew text, but is implied by the parallelism; it is supplied in the translation for the sake of smoothness.

[15:7]  ¹⁵ tc The verb of the first colon is difficult because it does not fit the second very well – a heart does not “scatter” or “spread” knowledge. On the basis of the LXX, C. H. Toy (Proverbs [ICC], 305) suggests a change to יִצְּרוּ (yitsÿru, “they preserve”). The Greek evidence, however, is not strong. For the second line the LXX has “hearts of fools are not safe,” apparently taking לֹא־כֵן (lo’-khen) as “unstable” instead of “not so.” So it seems futile to use the Greek version to modify the first colon to make a better parallel, when the Greek has such a different reading in the second colon anyway.

[15:7]  ¹⁶ sn The phrase “the heart of fools” emphasizes that fools do not comprehend knowledge. Cf. NCV “there is no knowledge in the thoughts of fools.”

[16:24]  ¹⁷ tn The comparative “like” does not appear in the Hebrew text, but is implied by the metaphor; it is supplied in the translation for the sake of clarity.

[16:24]  ¹⁸ sn The metaphor of honey or the honeycomb is used elsewhere in scripture, notably Ps 19:10 [11]. Honey was used in Israel as a symbol of the delightful and healthy products of the land – “a land flowing with milk and honey” (Deut 6:3).

[16:24]  ¹⁹ sn Two predicates are added to qualify the metaphor: The pleasant words are “sweet” and “healing.” “Soul” includes in it the appetites, physical and spiritual; and so sweet to the “soul” would summarize all the ways pleasant words give pleasure. “Bones” is a metonymy of subject, the boney framework representing the whole person, body and soul. Pleasant words, like honey, will enliven and encourage the whole person. One might recall, in line with the imagery here, how Jonathan’s eyes brightened when he ate from the honeycomb (1 Sam 14:27).

[11:33]  ²⁰ tn Heb “the many.”

[11:33]  ²¹ tn Heb “stumble.”

[11:33]  ²² tn Or “by burning.”

[11:33]  ²³ tn Heb “days.”

[22:2]  ²⁴ tn Grk “its”; the referent (the city, the new Jerusalem) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[22:2]  ²⁵ tn The Greek word πλατεῖα (plateia) refers to a major (broad) street (L&N 1.103).

[22:2]  ²⁶ tn Grk “From here and from there.”

[22:2]  ²⁷ tn Or “twelve crops” (one for each month of the year).

[22:2]  ²⁸ tn The words “of the year” are implied.