Psalms 50:13

50:13 Do I eat the flesh of bulls?

Do I drink the blood of goats? ¹ 

Psalms 78:25

78:25 Man ate the food of the mighty ones. ² 

He sent them more than enough to eat. ³ 

Psalms 68:30

68:30 Sound your battle cry ⁴  against the wild beast of the reeds, ⁵ 

and the nations that assemble like a herd of calves led by bulls! ⁶ 

They humble themselves ⁷  and offer gold and silver as tribute. ⁸ 

God ⁹  scatters ¹⁰  the nations that like to do battle.

[50:13]  ¹ tn The rhetorical questions assume an emphatic negative response, “Of course not!”

[78:25]  ² sn Because of the reference to “heaven” in the preceding verse, it is likely that mighty ones refers here to the angels of heaven. The LXX translates “angels” here, as do a number of modern translations (NEB, NIV, NRSV).

[78:25]  ³ tn Heb “provision he sent to them to satisfaction.”

[68:30]  ³ tn The Hebrew verb גָּעַר (ga’ar) is often understood to mean “rebuke.” In some cases it is apparent that scolding or threatening is in view (see Gen 37:10; Ruth 2:16; Zech 3:2). However, in militaristic contexts such as Ps 68 this translation is inadequate, for the verb refers in this setting to the warrior’s battle cry, which terrifies and paralyzes the enemy. See A. Caquot, TDOT 3:53, and note the use of the verb in Ps 106:9 and Nah 1:4, as well as the related noun in Job 26:11; Pss 18:15; 76:6; 104:7; Isa 50:2; 51:20; 66:15.

[68:30]  ⁴ sn The wild beast of the reeds probably refers to a hippopotamus, which in turn symbolizes the nation of Egypt.

[68:30]  ⁵ tn Heb “an assembly of bulls, with calves of the nations.”

[68:30]  ⁶ tn Heb “humbling himself.” The verb form is a Hitpael participle from the root רָפַס (rafas, “to trample”). The Hitpael of this verb appears only here and in Prov 6:3, where it seems to mean, “humble oneself,” a nuance that fits nicely in this context. The apparent subject is “wild beast” or “assembly,” though both of these nouns are grammatically feminine, while the participle is a masculine form. Perhaps one should emend the participial form to a masculine plural (מִתְרַפִּם, mitrapim) and understand “bulls” or “calves” as the subject.

[68:30]  ⁷ tc Heb “with pieces [?] of silver.” The meaning of the Hebrew term רַצֵּי (ratsey) is unclear. It is probably best to emend the text to בֶּצֶר וְכָסֶף (betser vÿkhasef, “[with] gold and silver”).

[68:30]  ⁸ tn Heb “he”; the referent (God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[68:30]  ⁹ tn The verb בָּזַר (bazar) is an alternative form of פָּזַר (pazar, “scatter”).