Revelation 1:14-20

1:14 His ¹  head and hair were as white as wool, even as white as snow, ²  and his eyes were like a fiery ³  flame. 1:15 His feet were like polished bronze ⁴  refined ⁵  in a furnace, and his voice was like the roar ⁶  of many waters. 1:16 He held ⁷  seven stars in his right hand, and a sharp double-edged sword extended out of his mouth. His ⁸  face shone like the sun shining at full strength. 1:17 When ⁹  I saw him I fell down at his feet as though I were dead, but ¹⁰  he placed his right hand on me and said: “Do not be afraid! I am the first and the last, 1:18 and the one who lives! I ¹¹  was dead, but look, now I am alive – forever and ever – and I hold the keys of death and of Hades! ¹²  1:19 Therefore write what you saw, what is, and what will be after these things. ¹³  1:20 The mystery of the seven stars that you saw in my right hand and the seven golden lampstands is this: ¹⁴  The seven stars are the angels ¹⁵  of the seven churches and the seven lampstands are the seven churches.

[1:14]  ¹ tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.

[1:14]  ² tn The clause, “even as white as snow” seems to heighten the preceding clause and is so understood in this ascensive sense (“even”) in the translation.

[1:14]  ³ tn The genitive noun πυρός (puros) has been translated as an attributive genitive.

[1:15]  ⁴ tn The precise meaning of the term translated “polished bronze” (χαλκολιβάνῳ, calkolibanw), which appears nowhere else in Greek literature outside of the book of Revelation (see 2:18), is uncertain. Without question it is some sort of metal. BDAG 1076 s.v. χαλκολίβανον suggests “fine brass/bronze.” L&N 2.57 takes the word to refer to particularly valuable or fine bronze, but notes that the emphasis here and in Rev 2:18 is more on the lustrous quality of the metal.

[1:15]  ⁵ tn Or “that has been heated in a furnace until it glows.”

[1:15]  ⁶ tn Grk “sound,” but the idea is closer to the roar of a waterfall or rapids.

[1:16]  ⁷ tn Grk “and having.” In the Greek text this is a continuation of the previous sentence, but because contemporary English style employs much shorter sentences, a new sentence was started here in the translation by supplying the pronoun “he.”

[1:16]  ⁸ tn This is a continuation of the previous sentence in the Greek text, but a new sentence was started here in the translation.

[1:17]  ⁹ tn Grk “And when.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.

[1:17]  ¹⁰ tn Here the Greek conjunction καί (kai) has been translated as a contrastive (“but”) due to the contrast between the two clauses.

[1:18]  ¹¹ tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.

[1:18]  ¹² tn Concerning “Hades” BDAG 19 s.v. ᾅδης 1 and 2 states: “Orig. proper noun, god of the nether world, ‘Hades’, then the nether world, Hades as place of the dead, Ac 2:27, 31 (Ps 15:10; Eccl 9:10; PGM 1, 179; 16, 8; Philo, Mos. 1, 195; Jos., Bell. 1, 596, Ant. 6, 332). Of Jonah’s fish ἐκ τοῦ κατωτάτου ᾅδου. In the depths, contrasted w. heaven ἕως (τοῦ) ᾅδου Mt 11:23; Lk 10:15 (PsSol 15:10; cp.; Is 14:11, 15); ἐν τῷ ᾅδῃ 16:23; ἐν ῝Αιδου ApcPt Rainer. Accessible by gates (but the pl. is also used [e.g. Hom., X., Ael. Aristid. 47, 20 K.=23 p. 450 D.] when only one gate is meant), hence πύλαι ᾅδου (Il. 5, 646; Is 38:10; Wsd 16:13; 3 Macc 5:51; Pss. Sol. 16:2. – Lucian, Menipp. 6 the magicians can open τοῦ ῝Αιδου τὰς πύλας and conduct people in and out safely) Mt 16:18…locked ἔχω τὰς κλεῖς τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τοῦ ᾅδου Rv 1:18 (the genitives are either obj. [Ps.-Apollod. 3, 12, 6, 10 Aeacus, the son of Zeus holds the κλεῖς τοῦ ῝Αιδου; SEG VIII, 574, 3 (III ad) τῷ τὰς κλεῖδας ἔχοντι τῶν καθ᾿ ῝Αιδου (restored)] or possess.; in the latter case death and Hades are personif.; s. 2)…Hades personif.…w. θάνατος (cp. Is 28:15; Job 38:17…) Rv 6:8; 20:13f.”

[1:19]  ¹³ tn Grk “Therefore write the things that you saw, and the things that are, and the things that will take place after these things.” Verse 19 could also be translated (taking καί…καί [kai…kai] as “both…and”): “Therefore write what you have seen, both what things currently are and what is going to happen after these things.” The structure of this verse is debated.

[1:20]  ¹⁴ tn The words “is this” are supplied to make a complete sentence in English.

[1:20]  ¹⁵ tn Or perhaps “the messengers.”