Revelation 1:15
Context1:15 His feet were like polished bronze 1 refined 2 in a furnace, and his voice was like the roar 3 of many waters.
Revelation 2:21
Context2:21 I 4 have given her time to repent, but 5 she is not willing to repent of her sexual immorality.
Revelation 18:5
Context18:5 because her sins have piled 6 up all the way to heaven 7 and God has remembered 8 her crimes. 9
Revelation 21:7
Context21:7 The one who conquers 10 will inherit these things, and I will be his God and he will be my son.


[1:15] 1 tn The precise meaning of the term translated “polished bronze” (χαλκολιβάνῳ, calkolibanw), which appears nowhere else in Greek literature outside of the book of Revelation (see 2:18), is uncertain. Without question it is some sort of metal. BDAG 1076 s.v. χαλκολίβανον suggests “fine brass/bronze.” L&N 2.57 takes the word to refer to particularly valuable or fine bronze, but notes that the emphasis here and in Rev 2:18 is more on the lustrous quality of the metal.
[1:15] 2 tn Or “that has been heated in a furnace until it glows.”
[1:15] 3 tn Grk “sound,” but the idea is closer to the roar of a waterfall or rapids.
[2:21] 4 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and contemporary English style.
[2:21] 5 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to bring out the contrast present in this woman’s obstinate refusal to repent.
[18:5] 7 tn On ἐκολλήθησαν (ekollhqhsan) BDAG 556 s.v. κολλάω 2.a.β states, “fig. cling to = come in close contact with (cp. Ps 21:16; 43:26 ἐκολλήθη εἰς γῆν ἡ γαστὴρ ἡμῶν. The act.=‘bring into contact’ PGM 5, 457 κολλήσας τ. λίθον τῷ ὠτίῳ) ἐκολλήθησαν αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ἄχρι τ. οὐρανοῦ the sins have touched the heaven = reached the sky (two exprs. are telescoped) Rv 18:5.”
[18:5] 8 tn Or “up to the sky” (the same Greek word means both “heaven” and “sky”).
[18:5] 9 tn That is, remembered her sins to execute judgment on them.
[21:7] 10 tn Or “who is victorious”; traditionally, “who overcomes.”